THE BROAD-SCLEROPHYLL VEGETATION OF CALIFORNIA. 9 



nal belts of chaparral: the lowest, dominated by half -shrubs such 

 as Ramona and Eriogonum (not to be classed as chaparral in my 

 opinion); the second, in which Adenostoma is most important; and 

 the upper, in which Ardostaphylos and other genera are in control. 



The more recent phytogeographic handbooks contain brief descrip- 

 tions of Calif ornian vegetation, with more or less accurate references 

 to the chaparral. Drude (26) applies the term to the very different 

 desert scrub of western Texas, southern New Mexico, and northern 

 Mexico, and has little to offer upon the sclerophyll vegetation of 

 California. Engler's treatment (29) is similar. Schimper (80) is 

 the first of the European geographers to give an adequate description 

 and interpretation of the California sclerophyll vegetation. His 

 information is mostly obtained apparently from a paper by Purpus 

 (76). He gives a brief but adequate description of the chaparral, 

 its general character, leaf-type, and relation to climate, and shows its 

 likeness to the vegetation of other regions with winter rains. Warm- 

 ing (90) uses the term chaparral in the same sense as Drude does, 

 but recognizes the Californian type and its relation to similar ones 

 in other regions in the sentence : " In Cahfornia maqui is known under 

 the name of chaparral." Harshberger's account (41) is merely a 

 compilation from Drude, Jepson, Parish, and McKenney. Clements 

 (22) gives a brief description of the California scrub, treating it as 

 the third of three subdivisions of the Chaparral Formation, which 

 he conceives very broadly: the Petran (Rocky Mountain), the 

 Sub-climax, and the Coastal Chaparral. The first two correspond 

 with the "deciduous thicket" of the present work. 



(d) Among miscellaneous papers should be mentioned a local 

 descriptive article by Purdy (75); three by Cannon — one (17) 

 showing the dependence of the Monterey pine {Pinus radiata) 

 upon prevention of soil desiccation by accompanying chaparral, 

 and two (18, 19) in which the relation of Quercus agrifolia and other 

 trees to soil-moisture is treated; one by Brandegee (12) describing 

 the recovery of the chaparral after fires ; one of similar scope by Jep- 

 son (49) ; and an account of the distribution of species of Eriodidyon 

 by Abrams and Smiley (3). Incidental references to various phases 

 of the ecology of the chaparral are found in the publications listed 

 in the Bibliography as Nos. 24, 27, 33, 34, 35, 44, 45, 46, 61, 62. 



SCOPE OF PRESENT PAPER. 



It will be seen that investigation has progressed to a more or less 

 satisfactory degree along the following lines: taxonomy, ranges of 

 species, range of type, its subdivisions, relation to similar types in 

 other regions, to climate, and to fire. The ecological character 

 of the different species has been barely touched; the same is true 

 of the mutual relations of vegetation and habitat, and the develop- 

 mental phases of the problem have been treated only so far as fire 



