California Agriculturist and Live Stock Journal. 



lively of long, middle, and fine-wooled breeds. 

 Fat Shekp. — Fat sheep entered for compe- 

 tition must be weighed, and in general those 

 ■will be judged best which have the greatest 

 weight, with the least surface and offal. 

 Awards will be made for pen of three best fat- 

 ted sheep of any breed. 



Bkeeding Swine. — Every competing sow 

 above one year old must have a litter, or be 

 in pigs, and the owner must bring proof of 

 these facts, if required. If a litter of pigs be 

 sent with a sow, the young pigs must be 

 sucklings, the offspring of the sow, and miist 

 not exceed the age of three months. Awards 

 will be made to respective breeds for the best 

 pen of one boar and two breeding sows; for 

 pen of sow and litter. Awards will be made 

 to respective breeds for boars 2 years old and 

 over; boars 1 year old and under 2 years; 

 boars between 9 months and 1 year; breeding 

 sows 2 years old and over; breeding sows 1 

 year old and under 2 years; den of three sow 

 pigs between nine months and one year. A 

 sweepstake award will be made for the best 

 boar of any breed. A sweepstake award will 

 be made for the best sow of any breed. 



Fat Swine. — Fat swine entered for compe- 

 tition must be weighed, and in general those 

 will be judged best which have the greatest 

 weight, with the least surface and offal. First, 

 second and third prizes will be awarded for 

 pair of best fatted hogs of each breed; pair 

 of best fatted hogs of any breed. 



Dogs. — Awards will be made to respective 

 breeds for dogs of two years and over; dogs 

 of one year and under two; pups. A sweep- 

 stake award will be awarded for the best dog 

 of any breed displayed by a foreign exhibitor. 

 A sweepstake award will be awarded for the 

 best home-bred dog of any breed. Awards 

 will be made to respective breeds for bitches 

 of two years and over; bitches of one year 

 and under two; bitch pups. A sweepstake 

 award will be awarded for the best bitch of 

 any breed displayed by a foreign exhibitor. 

 A sweepstake award will be awarded for the 

 best home-bred bitch of any breed. 



Poni/TBV. — Poultry can onlj' be exhibited 

 in coops made after specifications fiirnished 

 by the Bureau of Agriculture. Awards will 

 be made to respective breeds for pairs of one 

 year and over, of chickens, turkeys, geese, 

 swans, pigeons, guineas and ornamental birds 

 For pairs under one year. 



Fish. —Living fishes will be displayed in 

 both fresh and salt water aquaria. Awards 

 will be made for largest display of fish of 

 each species. Largest display of fish of all 

 species. A. T. Goshorn, 



Burnet Landrfih, Director General. 



Chief of Bureau of Agriculture. 



Philadelphia, Nov. 10, 1,S7.5. 



Camels. — Denison Xeios, October 29: Our 

 old Arizona friend. Bethel Coopwood, now 

 residing at Austin, Texas, has made a business 

 of raising camels in Texas for over ten years, 

 and it has proved quite lucrative. When he 

 travels over the State, which is quite frequent- 

 ly, he moves in a style becoming an oriental 

 prince, with a train of camels, himself mount- 

 ed on the most venerable specimen of his 

 collection. A few days ago, as we see by the 

 papers, he sold five out of his herd for $1,0.50 

 — two year-olds at §250; three year-olds at 

 $350 aiid five year-olds at $450." All these 

 camels were foaled within twenty miles of 

 Austin. The five year-old is the largest cam- 

 el ever seen in .America. Mr. Coopwood can 

 supply all the circuses in America. We under- 

 stand he proposes to rear ostriches and ele- 

 phants, and is making preparations to receive 

 Shetland ponies at his ranch. 



where he has been resident for some years. 

 Mr. Ashburner purchased at the recent sale of 

 his brother, Mr. W. Ashburner, at Conishead 

 Priory, and from the herds of his younger 

 brother, Mr. George Ashburner, Low Hall, 

 and Mr. Brogden, M. P., four bulls and 

 seven females — which he accompained on the 

 voyage. The animals are mostly of Bates' 

 blood. 



Shipment of Short-Horns for San Fran- 

 cisco. — Says the North British Agriculturist : 

 On October 20th, there were shipped from 

 Liverpool, by the steamship Erin, a number 

 of highly-briE'd short-horns by Mr. R. B. Ash- 

 burner, their destination being San Francisco, 



Commencement and Progress of As- 

 sociated Dairy Farming. 



CvI'VHILE tbis system of individual dairy- 

 nm ing was at its height there was, by 

 Af.y chance, a convenient arrangement in- 

 V/V^i vented in Oneida county which in due 

 li^ time revolutionized the system of 

 cheese manufacture, and has given the history 

 of agriculture that method which is known 

 as " the American system of associated dairy- 

 ing." As in the case of many an important 

 innovation upon established customs, the in- 

 ventor builded more wisely than he knew. 

 Jesse Williams owned, in 1S51. a private es- 

 tablisment for cheese-making near Rome, in 

 Oneida county, New York. He had achieved 

 a reputation as a mwnufucturer of the best 

 quality of cheese. To him, as to many oth- 

 ers, this reputation was a direct money value 

 upon tne market. He could make a contract 

 for a better price than others, and the de- 

 mand for his cheese was greater than the sup- 

 ply. In the Spring of 1851 one of Jesse 

 Williams's sons was married and went to live 

 upon a dairy farm near his father's. The 

 cheese from this farm Mr. Williams contract- 

 ed at the same price as his own, but there 

 was a necessity that it should be of the same 

 quality. This was the quandary — how can 

 the cheese be alike when the father is a skilled 

 manufacturer and the son is not? This was 

 the question which Mr. Williams had to an- 

 swer. It first occurred to him that he could 

 go each day to his son's dairy-house and try 

 to impart to his son his own skill in manipu- 

 lation. But this involved a great deal of 

 trouble; and Mr. Williams second tnought 

 was the principle of associated dairying which 

 will make his name endure. It was a happy 

 thought— happy in its exceeding simplicity 

 and in its fitness for universal application, as 

 events have proved. Mr. Williams could not 

 go to the milk— the milk must be brought to 

 him. The success which he attained in his 

 venture was the keynote of the success which 

 has been gained by the wide application of 

 his method. Skill cannot act in many places 

 at the same time, but skill is powerful over 

 masses of material; one large establishment 

 occasions less labor and expense than a dozen 

 small ones, each doiug one-twelfth of its work; 

 all supplies are cheaper at wholesale. These 

 are some of the advantages that have led to 

 the wide adoption of the American factory 

 system. They were not perceived at once. 

 For three years Mr. Williams and those who 

 brought milk to him profited by them. Dur- 

 ing the next five years only three or four es- 

 tablishments were erected each year. Since 

 that time the growth has been rapid. In the 

 year 1806 there were more than otiO factories 

 in operation in New York State. The appre- 

 ciation of the advantages of the factory sys- 

 tem gave, at length, a marvelous impulse to 

 the industry. Cheese-making, which was 

 once monopolized by the rich counties of 

 Central New Y'ork, is now a flourishing spe- 

 cialty in half-a-dozen regions of the State. 

 It has jiushed westward, shaping the produc- 

 tive ability of the Western Keserve, lindiug 

 favoring "conditions for growth in Illinois, 

 Wisconsin. Michigan and Iowa, and gathering 

 groups of dairies in almost every other West- 

 ern State. It is just now spreaOing anew in 

 Pennsylvania. To the eastward, Massachu- 

 setts and Vermont have given it heartiest 

 welcome, and Maine, youngest of the dairy 



regions, promises to exert an influence upon 

 the supply. 



When the abolition of the reciprocity with 

 Canada threw the Canadians upon their own 

 resources, the development there was sudden 

 and extended. In 1873 Canada manufactured 

 20,0(1(1,(1110 pounds of cheese by the .American 

 method, and is now our strongest rival in the 

 English markets. Tlie .\merican factory sys- 

 tem has gained an enduring foothold in Eng- 

 land, whei-e an American, Mr. Schermerhorn, 

 of Oneida county, was employed by English 

 dairj'ineu to instruct them in its practice. It 

 has been introduced upon the continent of 

 Europe, and the latest tidings of its progress 

 is that Uussia has sent emissaries to borrow 

 from England the associated idea which we 

 implanted. The simple contrivance of the 

 Oneida county farmer of 1851 has reproduced 

 itself in at least five thousand establishments, 

 calling to its uses an aggregate capital of at 

 least twenty-five millions of dollars for work- 

 ing facilities alone, and pl.acing each year up- 

 on the markets of the world a manufactured 

 product worth one hundred and fifty millions 

 of dollars, .iud the system is not yet twen- 

 ty-five years old. — Ilnrper's MiKjiuiiu: for Xuf. 





Watering Poultry. 



It is the belief of the writer that many of 

 the diseases incident to poultry are due to 

 neglect in providing them with pure water. 

 Particularly do I believe such to be the case 

 in the majority of instances where chicken 

 cholera prevails. The omission to furnish 

 fowls with suitable drinking water is one of 

 the worst features of cruelty to animals. It 

 is a neglect that is decidedly adverse to suc- 

 cess, and hence tends to diminish individual 

 fancy for fowls and works detriment to p(,ul- 

 try interests. Those whom we occasionally 

 hear say that "there is no profit in poultry" 

 are not'qualified to have the management of 

 the same, and in their attentions may be 

 classed with those thriftless and neglected 

 parties who keep fowls that get drink when 

 it rains. — Fancier's Journal. 



Buckwheat for Poultry. — Buckwheat is 

 one of the most staple articles of poultry 

 food. It is very fattening, an excellent egg- 

 producer and very much relished by the poul- 

 try. It is not, perhaps, used as extensively 

 here as in Europe. In England, France, and 

 especially in Germany, it forms not only an 

 important part of jioultry food, but is much 

 used for various culinary purposes. The great 

 I advantage which it has over other cereals is, 

 '. that it thrives luxuriantly even on the poorest 

 laud. Those who have not tested its value 

 as poultry food we advise to give it a trial. 



■We must not, says the Western liural, at- 

 tach too great importance to non-essential 

 and comparatively valueless peculiarities of 

 poultry. Flesh of good quality, eggs of good 

 size and plentiful in number, early maturity, 

 good size, hardiness, good disposition— these 

 are more important than the color of the 

 feathers or legs, the size or shape of the comb 

 or tail or the number of t oes. 



A BREEDEKof poultry writes: "Every spring 

 I procure a quantit.\- of cedar boughs and 

 scatter them plentifully in and around the 

 hen-house. This is all" that is necessary, as 

 the odor of the cedar keeps away lice. This 

 remedv is cheap, simple and effective, and is 

 well w'orth trying by all who have hens to 

 care for. " 



Hens' eggs hatch in from 19 to 21 days; 

 turkcvs' in from '20 to 29 days; ducks' in 28 

 days; Guinea fowls' in from 25 to 27 days; 

 pea fowls' in from 28 to -30 days; geese' in 

 from 30 to 32 days. Fresh eggs will hatch 

 one or two days sooner than those two or 

 three weeks old. 



