California Agriculturist and Live Stock Journal. 



^ hook that you had been in the habit of be mentioned in this connection. The 



scattering around your buoy; fish near 

 the bottom, aud give it a little motion by 

 giving your line short jerks. The buoy 

 should not be baited the day you go fish- 

 ing. 



Another way is to have a rod and reel 

 aud four or five hundred feet of fine, 

 strong line, and if the water is deep put 

 a lead sinker weighing three quarters of 

 a pound on the end of your line, and tie 

 a single gut leader twelve feet long on the 

 main line, twelve feet above the sinker. 

 For hooks, you should use nine No. G 

 Limerick hooks, tied three together, back 

 to back, so that they look like a three- 

 prongeJ grapple. Tie them on a single 

 gut leader, about two and a half inches 

 apart, and you have a gang of liooks five 

 inches long. Put two very small brass 

 BViivels on your leader. Use the kind of 

 small fish for bait that the trout are used 

 to eating in your lake. Hook one of the 

 upper hooks through the under aud up- 

 per jaw so that his mouth will be closed. 

 Then hook one of the lower hooks 

 through the back near the tail in such a 

 manner that it will give the fish a curve 

 and will turn around like a troUing-spoon 

 when it is drawn through the water. 

 The most successful fishermen use three 

 of this same kind of rigs in one boat. 

 They fish one rig near the top with a 

 light sinker, say four ounces, and one 

 about half-way down with an eight-ounce 

 sinker, and the twelve-ounce sinker near 

 the bottom. This is the most successful 

 rig I have ever used. The boat should 

 be rowed very slowly, so that you can 

 feel the bottom with the heavy sinker 

 nearly every time you raise it up and let 

 it down. The bait should be raised up 

 and down by a gentle motion; set the 

 other lines one on each side of the boat, 

 and they will take care of themselves. 

 Live fish should be used for bait. Some 

 use but eight hooks, one hook for the 

 upper to hook through the minnow's 

 mouth, and one to hook through the 

 back near the tail, and two sets of three 

 each between the two single hooks, tied 

 about one and a half inches apart. Be 

 careful and keep your minnow looking 

 as natural as possible. Don't rub any 

 more scales off than you can help. When 

 you let your line out, your boat should 

 be in motion to keep your bait from 

 twisting around the main line. — HeVt 

 Green. 



An Essay ox Fish. — Fish may be di- 

 vided into classes — codfish and fresh fish. 

 The propriety of dividing them into 

 classes will be at once apparent when we 

 reflect that they are usually found in 

 schools. 



The mackerel is not exactly a codfish ; 

 but he comes so much nearer being a 

 codfish than a fresh fish that he is for 

 the present classed with the former. 



Fish exist in sizes to suit the iiurchas- 

 er, from minnows to whales — which are 

 not fish, strictly speaking. Neither is 

 the alligator a fish; but it we attempt to 

 tell what are not fish, this article will 

 far exceed its intended limits. 



The herring is not absolutely a fish; 

 he is a suggestion of depaited fish. But 

 the strongest suggestions of departed 

 fish are smelt. The herring sustains the 

 , same relation to the finny tribe as the 

 Egyptian mnmniy to the human race. 



Fish are caught by measure and sold 

 by weight — that is they are caught by 

 the gill and sold by the pound. But 

 they are sometimes caught by weight — 

 till you get a bite. 



Contentment is the chief respite to the 

 successful fisherman. 



Surveyors are apt to be good fisher- 

 men, because their lines and angles are 

 apt to bo all right. 



The mermaid aud fishwomau may also 



former is a good illustration of what is 

 meant by the ideal, and the latter as fitly 

 represents the real. 



Many land animals are reproduced in 

 the sea. Thus we have the dog-fish, the 

 cat-fish, sea-lions and sea-horses, but no 

 sea-mules. None of the above have 

 hind legs, and any manner of mule with- 

 out hind legs would be a consiiicuous 

 failure. 



It may not be out of jjlace to mention 

 Jonah in this connection. He was not 

 a fish, but was once included among the 

 inhabitants of the deep. There has been 

 considerable dispute as to the name 

 of the fish that swallowed the 

 gentleman above-mentioned, some per- 

 sons arguing that the throat of a whale 

 is not large enough to swallow a man. 

 This objection seems to be inconsequen- 

 tial. 



Jonah might have ^been made in a 

 smaller mould than other men. More- 

 over, it is certain that he was cast over 

 before being swallowed — cast over the 

 rail of the vessel. 



There has been much speculation also 

 as to the cause of Jonah's exj^ulsion 

 from the whale's interior, but the theory 

 most generally accepted is that he soured 

 on the whale's stomach. 



He was very fortunate in reaching the 

 land, since he had no pilot. If he had 

 taken a pilot with him into the stomach 

 of the whale he would doubtless have 

 selected Pauncheous Pilate as the proper 

 man. 



Jonah was the first man who retired 

 from the Department of the Interior, and 

 Delano was the last one. 



But we digress. Let us return to our 

 fish. 



The codfish is the great source of all 

 salt. In this respect Lot's wife was no- 

 where; however it would be well to " re- 

 member Lot's wife." 



The saline qualities of the codfish per- 

 meate and percolate the vasty deep, and 

 make the ocean as salt as himself. 

 Weighed in his own scales, he is found 

 wanting — wanting considerable freshen- 

 ing. He is by nature quite social, his 

 principal recreation being balls — codfish 

 balls. 



The codfish was worshipped by the 

 Greeks; but he is only half as well treat- 

 ed by the inhabitants of Cape Cod — ne 

 is simply shipped. Hence the difference 

 between the Greeks and the inhabitants 

 of Cape Cod. 



Small fish are usually harmless, but 

 parents can't be two careful about per- 

 mitting their children to play where large 

 fish abound, as it is an established fact 

 that the big fish frequently eat up the 

 little ones. 



The jelly fish is, perhaps, the best un- 

 derstood of all the finny tribe, because, 

 being translucent, it is easy to see 

 through him. 



The greatest number of fish is eaten 

 on Friday, and the next greatest number 

 on Saturday, because those that are left 

 over are warmed up for Saturday's break- 

 fast. 



Argumentative persons are fond of 

 stating that it is grammatical to say that 

 the five loaves and three fishes were ate, 

 since five and three were always eight. 

 They should be treated with silent con- 

 tempt. 



Fish are provided with air bladders, 

 so that they can I'ise from the depths of 

 the sea by simply filling these bladders 

 with air. If any one is disposed to ask 

 where they get the air for such inflati<m, 

 let him understand in advance that this 

 article is not intended for the solution of 

 petty conundrums. 



There are many interesting rumors 

 about fish which might be mentioned. 



but the foregoing facts may be consid- 

 ered asof-fish-al.— Dc(foi( Free Press. 



A Large Lobster Pond.— Among the 

 accessories of the market of Paris is one 

 of the most curious establishments in 

 the world— the great fish pond or reser- 

 voir of Roscoff, in the department of Fin- 

 isterre, on the coast of Brittany. It is 

 designed especially for lobsters, and for 

 the supply of the Paris market with that 

 crustaceous luxury. It has proved so 

 plentiful in its results, however, as to 

 afford occasional supplies to the markets 

 of Belgium, Russia and Germany. It is 

 an immense basin, some 1,000, or 1,800 

 feet in circumference, formed by solid 

 walls of masonry, in which the waters 

 of the sea are maintained at a uniform 

 bight, with iron gates so constructed 

 that the imprisoned lobsters cannot make 

 their escape. Operations were com- 

 menced on the 4th of July last, when 

 about 1,500 lobsters were consigned to 

 hopeless captivity in the basin, and the 

 stock is reinforced with about the same 

 number every week by fishing boats en- 

 gaged exclusively in the trade, which 

 bring their captives, alive and amid all 

 the horrors of the middle passage, to re- 

 plenish the great slave bond. This is 

 now estimated to contain about 30,000 

 lobsters, besides an equal number of 

 mullets and fish of other species, which 

 are enticed into the trap by the flowing 

 tide, but, after having attained certain 

 dimensions, cannot escape. Such a 

 maride animal population necessitates, 

 of course, a large alimentation, which is 

 supplied by conger eels and dogfish, for 

 which lobsters have a decidedly epicurean 

 taste. The lobster is voracious at all 

 times, but in regard to these luxuries his 

 instinctive ravenous appetite carries him 

 beyond the bounds of reason and leads 

 to intestine feuds and desperate wars of 

 conquest. So frequent is this carnage 

 that lobsters in a wounded and disabled 

 state are often found on the surface of 

 the water. These are taken and sold in 

 the immediate neighborhood, as they 

 could not endure a long journey in a 

 healthy condition. So successful has 

 this experiment proved that measures 

 are in progress for extending the idea to 

 other desirable fish with which the shores 

 of Brittany abound. 



The clam is an intelligent insect. The 

 legislature of one of the Western States 

 once debated the question: "Which has 

 the most intelligence, the clam or the 

 codfish?" The weight of the argument 

 was in favor of the clam, because it was 

 proved that it had sense enough to keep 

 its mouth shut when other people vyere 

 talking, which was more than most civil- 

 ized people ever do. 



liavticuUuvc, 



vi3 



Notes on Orange Culture in 

 Southern Europe. 



ff)- 



'^"MPllESSED by the growing impor- 

 tance of the culture of the orange 

 [ to this county and State, and es- 

 [ pecially desiring in my own interest 

 '" to study its practical workings 

 abroad, I made in October and November 

 last a short visit to those portions of 

 Italy, Sicily and Southern France most 

 noted for its culture, and propose giving 

 here, briefly, a general summary of the 

 observations made and information 

 gained from all accessible sources during 

 my visit, hoping that my friends of this 

 State may derive some benefits from the 

 result of my investigations. 



WHEItK CULTIVATED. 



The shores of the Mediterranean, from 



about Nice to Genoa, properly known as 

 the "Riviera," sheltered from the North 

 by the Appenine Range, and with a sun- 

 ny exposure on the Mediterranean, are 

 rapidly increasing the culture of the or- 

 ange and lemon, particularly the latter, 

 the product of which has doubled within 

 the last twenty years, and has gained one 

 third in the pas't six years; its product 

 being equal to the estimated crop of Flo- 

 rida— '20,000,000. 



To the north of Genoa there is at Lake 

 de la Garde, in Northern Italy, under the 

 shelter of the Alps, a sort of hot house 

 culture of the orange, deserving mention 

 here as a curiosity in its production for 

 commercial purposes. In a space but 

 little over twelve acres some 30,000 trees 

 are cultivated in what is called compote, 

 being thickly planted in terraces, rising 

 closely one above the other in what might 

 be called an amphitheatre, protected by 

 boards and glass in winter, and this is at 

 a cost of about $1,000,000 and yielding 

 $77,000 per annum. I found also at 

 Isola Bella on Lake Maggiore a fine or- 

 ange grove growing on soil, bought to 

 cover its rocks, from the main land, also 

 sheltered in winter; but neither deserves 

 serious mention as indicating the coun- 

 try of the orange. 



Proceeding down the coast from Genoa, 

 after leaving the protection of the moun- 

 tains, no oranges are raised for cammerce 

 until Naples is reached, and here, and 

 under the Vesuvian range at Sorrento, 

 with its vast groves, and stretching along 

 to Reggio, famous for the cultivation of 

 bergamct, the production is on a large 

 scale. 



But in Sicily the production of oranges 

 and lemons is carried on on the most ex- 

 tensive and elaborate scale; the regions 

 of which Palermo and Messina are the 

 ports, taking the lead with rapidly in- 

 creasing volume. The province of Pal- 

 ermo, in 1S54, had 11,165 acres of orange 

 and lemon groves, producing $3,250,000; 

 in 1874 there were 55,800 acres, produc- 

 ing$16,000,000! 



The report from Sicily, in 1875, 'of or- 

 anges and lemons was 75,000 tons. In 

 1776 Messina exported 30,000 cases of 

 lemons and 3,000 cases oranges, valued 

 at $53,000; in 1871 Messina exported 80,- 

 000 cases of oranges and 300,000 cases of 

 lemons, valued at $2,500,000. Its ex- 

 ports to America from 1862 to 1872 were 

 3,374,500 cases of oranges aud 1,102,100 

 cases of lemons. In 1871-2 the exports 

 were 521,000 boxes of oranges aud 187,- 

 000 boxes of lemons to this country. The 

 annual export of St. Michaels (Azores) 

 to England exceeds 000,000 cases. 



The lemon is also exported in other 

 forms from Sicily. In essential oil, Mes- 

 sina alone exported, in 1872, 303 tons, 

 value, $1,500,000. The annual exporta- 

 tion of lemon juice from Palermo aud 

 Messina is 451) terns; of concentrated 

 lemon juice (OO'^) 1,500 tons; of cream 

 of tartar 240 tons; citric acid and other 

 products of lemon juice are for the most 

 part manufactured in France and Eng- 

 land. 



CLIMATE. 



% 



The temperature in Southern France 

 and Italy is as low in winter as in Orange 

 county, "in fact frequently lower. These 

 countries suffer by periodical severe 

 "cold spells" and traditionally every ten 

 years have severe frost, and every fifty 

 years a disastrous "great freeze." Thus 

 in 1781), 1704, 1811, 1820, 1820, 1837, 

 1854 were very coUl winters; while 1780 

 and 1820 are marked by the destruction 

 of their orange groves, which, however, 

 rapidly grew up from the roots into 

 bearing again in a few years. 



In Sicily there is no frost, though oc- 

 casionally storms of hail or sleet which 

 do great damage. But 



these conn- 



