California Agriculturist and Live Stock Journal. 



' These cans are 20 inches in diameter by 

 22 inches deep, the bottom being raised 

 about three inches above the lower edge 

 of the sides, with several large holes 

 through this lower projecting edge, to 

 admit of the passage of air or water un- 

 derneath. 



As in all the other dairies where the 

 common pans are used, Mr. C. skims 

 these pans after 3C hours, and he is con- 

 vinced that he gets fully as much butter 

 as he does at the other dairy which he 

 controls. I regret that he has not made 

 some exact and careful experiments by 

 way of arriving at more exact data. As 

 soon as skimmed, this milk, now 36 

 hours' old, is at once put into the cheese 

 vat, and the temperature raised to 82° 

 or 84", when the coloring, rennet and 

 the buttermilk, are added, and the milk 

 covered for forty minutes. The curd is 

 then cut pretty fine, but no farther heat 

 is added. While the curd is still in a 

 soft state, the vat is tilted and the 

 whey slowly drawn off'. As the curd 

 hardens a little, it is (lipped out, salted 

 at the rate of two pounds per hundred 

 pounds of cheese, ground and put to 

 press. For such cheese, (and one that I 

 tasted, which was three weeks old, was 

 really a good skimmed cheese,) when 

 only ten days old, Mr. Clausseu readily 

 gets nine cents per pound in San Fran- 

 cisco. 



When Mr. Claussen ventured to try 

 this system of dairying, he was laught at 

 by many of his Point Reyes neighbors, 

 but with such results following the effort 

 it is my opinion that he can stand it. 

 The cheeses are 14 inches in diameter, 

 flat, and weigh about 25 pounds each. 

 In February last Mr. Claussen made the 

 following test: From milk by deep-set- 

 ting, with water at 55" Fah.,'2(; pounds 

 of such milk gave one pound of butter 

 and one and eight-tenths pounds of skim 

 cheese. 



The same day and date, 25 J^ pounds 

 of milk, shallow-setting, gave one pound 

 of butter. The milk was sour at skim- 

 ming and fit only for hogs. 



Of course, as the season advances and 

 the grassts mature, the yield of butter 

 to the given quantity of milk will be 

 greater, and there will also be a greater 

 amount of cheese. 



On his ranch of 200 cows, where but- 

 ter alone is made, Mr. C. made and sold 

 last year 33,000 pounds of butter. After 

 making a fair allowance for poor and dry 

 cows, and the milk, cream and butter 

 consumed by a family of fifteen persons 

 or more, we have an average of at least 

 175 pounds of butter per year for each 

 cow. From his other ranch, of less than 

 200 cows, Mr. C. last year sold 31,000 

 pounds of butter, and 45,000 pounds of 

 cheese, while the sales of pork from both 

 places amounted to $2,300, which sum 

 he expects to exceed considerably this 

 year. 



Mr. CrandelUast yearm.irketed 42,000 

 pounds of butter from 250 cows, and was 

 making 200 pounds daily when I was ' 

 there, from 217 cows, all told. 



Mr. Evans marketed, in 1875, 31,000 

 pounds of butter from 161 cows. 



In some tests recently made, 22 

 pounds of milk produced a pound of 

 butter. The cows are mostly Short- 

 horn crossed with Ayrshire, with some 

 Devons. In some of the dairies selected 

 cows in flush of feed have yielded daily 

 54 pounds of milk. 



On the whole, this is doubtless one of 

 the finest and best systematized of the 

 Large ranches or farms in our country. 

 Mr. Howard owns the _ land and build- 

 ings, with their fixtures' and the cows, 

 receiving a yearly ren of $27 50 per cow 

 for the use of the ranches. — Gardner B. 

 Weeks, in Country Gentleman. 



Relative Cost op Butter and Beef. 

 Did it ever occur to any of your readers 

 that it takes more feed to make a pound 

 of beef than a pound of butter? A good 

 cow, well cared for, will make 200 

 pounds of butter in a season, worth from 

 $G0 to $70; but a di-y cow with the same 

 feed will not gain as much in weight in 

 the same time, nor will she be worth as 

 much as the butter from the dairy cow, 

 and the milch cow is left. An acquaint- 

 ance of mine is fattening an ox, and in 

 sixty days he had fed him fiOO pounds of 

 meal, at a cost of $15, with only 100 

 pounds gain in weight. — Kx. 



Poke W.iter fob Cattle.— Mr. X. A. 

 Willard, iu a late paper before the Con- 

 necticut Farmers' Convention, spoke as 

 follows : Many cases of fever have been 

 traced to the milk drawn from cows by 

 the attendants of sick persons; also the 

 impure water with which milk pans were 

 washed. Cows that drink impure water 

 give unwholesome milk. 



#ilttati0ttal 



A Country School. 



Pretty and pale and tirod 



She Bits in her stiflf-bftck chair, 

 VThile the blazing bumnier sun 



Shines in on her soft brown hair; 

 And the tiny brook without. 



That 6he hears through the open door. 

 Mocks with its murmur cool 



Hard bench and duety floor. 



It seems B\ich an endless round — 



Clrammar and A, B, G; 

 The blackboard and the sums; 



The stupid geography; 

 When from teacher to little Jem 



Not one of them cares a straw. 

 Whether ''John" is in any "case," 



Or Kansas in Omaha. 



But Jemmy's bare brown feet 



Are aching to wade in the stream. 

 Where the trout to his luring bait 



Shall leap with a quick, bright gleam: 

 And his teacher's blue eyes stray 



To the flowers on the desk hard by, 

 Till her thoughts have followed her eyes 



With a half-unconscious sigh. 



Her heart outruns tlie clock 



As she smells their laint sweet scent; 

 But when have time and heart 



Their measure in unison blent ? 

 For time will haste or lag. 



Like your shadow on the grass. 

 That lingers far behind. 



Or flies when you fain would pass. 



Have patience, restless Jem. 



The stream and the fish will wait; 



And patience, tired blue eyes- 

 Down the winding road by the gate. 



Under the willow shade, 

 Stands some one with fresher flowers: 



So turn to your books again, 



And keep love for the after hours. 



THE SUBJECT .OF EDUCATION. 



/.SHE subject of education is a pretty 

 T<JT broad one. AVebster says " Eduea- 

 "VV tion is properly to draw forth, and 

 V(j) implies not so much the communi- 



"5j^ cation of knowledge as the disci- 

 pline of the intellect, the establishment 

 of pi-incipleS, and the regulation of the 

 heart. " The acquiring of Icnoicledye with 

 the requisite skill to make the best use 

 of it, would be our definition of educa- 

 tion. The one is quite as essential as 

 the other, and either alone is incomplete, 

 while both together make a real educa- 

 tion of practical utility. 



A practical education must train as 

 well as develop the powers. The mind 

 must be enlightened, and the hands be 

 able to do its bidding. It is more essen- 

 tial, in dealing with the materials of 

 earth with which we are brought into 

 contact, and from which everything that 

 supports life and makes it endurable is 

 obtained with labor — it is more essential 



that the ability to labor dexterously is 

 acquired than that wo gain theoretical 

 instruction without the power to use 

 what wo know. He is educated the best 

 who can, other things being equal, ac- 

 complish the most with a given amount 

 of strength, in a given amount of time, 

 in whatever direction he devotes his en- 

 ergies. This is as true from an intellec- 

 tual and moral as from a material stand- 

 point. 



As our civilization advances, science 

 and inventions increase, and as moral 

 refinement progress the utility of things 

 will be more and more regarded, and the 

 necessity for being practical will become 

 more and more apparent. 



Practicality neither smothers nor 

 blunts the finer sentiments and feelings. 

 It is the true foundation, without which 

 a proper realization of noblest enjoy- 

 ments is impossible. And when it comes 

 to gaining a living in competition with 

 the greed of the world as it is in this, its 

 infancy of civilization, to be well in- 

 formed and capable is certainly quite 

 essential to one cot made independent 

 by the material acquirement of others. 



In contrast with an education for use- 

 fulness — the education of body and mind 

 and heart to such labor as will bring 

 comjietence while doing good— is another 

 species now quite popular. It is the 

 idea of an education that will get a living 

 without working for it, or making fair 

 returns in usefulness to the community 

 for what is gained from it. This is what 

 some call "being smart," which means 

 living off what others produce. Our 

 common school teachers are, too often, 

 imbued with the idea, and instill it into 

 the heads of their pupils, that to get an 

 education so as to live without work is 

 smart. While nearly every institute of a 

 private character impresses the pupils 

 with the importance of education as a 

 means of acquiring wealth without labor. 



Our large cities are filled with young 

 men of this class, who think it not hon- 

 orable to do manual labor, and who are 

 incompetent, even if they desired to 

 work with their hands. They are wait- 

 ing for some position as clerk in store or 

 office. And when it comes to offices, 

 what kind of men do we find there? and 

 what are they doing? Nine-tenths of 

 them are engaged in some schemes or 

 speculations which could be dispensed 

 with with benefit to the community. 

 Their inventive talents are used to con- 

 trive new ways for acquiring the produc- 

 tiens of others; any way to get money. 

 Without adding any real value to any- 

 thing, they manage to manipulate busi- 

 ness between man and man, and pass it 

 through their hands, taking liberal toll 

 for their "service." Their constant 

 study is now to take advantage of 

 others' necessities, and to absorb 

 their substance. Look at insurance 

 agents, real estate agents, stock brokers 

 of every class, sewing machine agents, 

 lawyers who make laws to feather their 

 own nests from others' chickens, and, in 

 fact, the whole class of manipulators of 

 so-called "business" wherein men who 

 lalior have to hold intercourse with each 

 other. On this Coast, the mining busi- 

 ness has given a great opportunity for 

 getting money out of the people. The 

 sUare business takes more money on the 

 outside than the mines pay on the inside, 

 the most of which goes to enrich a set of 

 sharpers who are educated to get a living 

 without working for it. 



Horace Greeley once said that he who 

 gets money without squarely earning it 

 steals it. How many thieves are being 

 prepared in all of our schools at this 

 rate? 



The remedy for this condition of things 

 lies largely in the direction of industrial 



schools — schools Where a technical edu- 

 cation can be acquired-r-w here pupils 

 are educated for usefulness, instead of 

 uselessness — where the use of tools and 

 Itoin to do honest icork and excel in the 

 accomplishment of skillful labor is made 

 a specialty. And at home parents should 

 aim to instill into the minds of their 

 children, upon the platform of honesty 

 and mora! and religious principle, the 

 ennobhng idea that labor is honorable; 

 that to be useful to the world is of 

 more importance than being rich, and 

 that honorable riches can be gained 

 through superior understanding of how 

 to take advantage of material resources 

 in an honest manner, while pursuing an 

 honorable avocation and living a happy 

 and useful life. 



Childken OS the Farm. — Children on 

 the farm are better off than children in 

 tuwus and cities. It is almost impossi- 

 ble to raise good children in town. They 

 will fall in with bad associates and be- 

 come more or less contaminated. They 

 never make the distinguished men that 

 country boys do. There are too many 

 attractions and pleasures to become fas- 

 cinated with, and they think of these 

 instead of good books and of growth in 

 knowledge and virtue. Wo grew up on 

 a farm and are glad that that was our 

 fate. We had to work hard, and thought 

 our lot was a hard one, but now know it 

 was the best thing that could have be- 

 fallen us — better than an inheritance of 

 riches. The only pleasures within reach, 

 good books afforded; and we read and re- 

 read every book in our district school li- 

 brary, and the knowledge gained has 

 clung to us ever since. Then, farm life 

 has good influences on children. AVe 

 recollect vividly the pleasures afforded in 

 our youthful days, by the announcement 

 of a colt, or a calf, or a lamb, or-of a 

 brood of pigs. Farmers' children can 

 appreciate the pleasures such announce- 

 ment make in one's younger days. And 

 the the influence of petting and kindly 

 treating all kinds of stock, is a good in- 

 fluence. But this is not confined to 

 kindly treating stock alone. It extends 

 to the care of trees — planting and nurs- 

 ing them kindly — and flowers, and gar- 

 den vegetables, and everything of the 

 kind. We have noticed, too, that when 

 farmers' boys go off to school, to the 

 academy, or college, they are more la- 

 borious, and thorough, and practical 

 than town boys; but when they enter into 

 business pursuits, the difference is still 

 more observable. 



Root Up the Weeds. — Two boys, Jim 

 and Will, were employed by a gentleman 

 to keep the paths of his garden weeded. 

 Jim contented himself with taking off 

 the tops of the weeds. He soon cried 

 out, "I've cleared my path," and hav- 

 .swept away the leaves he went off to 

 play. 



Will was much longer at work, for he 

 stopped to take up all the weeds by the 

 roots, and he was well tired when he 

 went home. 



But the rain came down in the night 

 and all the next d.iy, and when the boys' 

 father went, a few days after, to look at 

 the two paths, Jim's wanted weeding as 

 much as at first, while Will's was clear 

 and only needed a few turns of the roller 

 to make it quite neat. So Jim was sent 

 back to do his work properly : and very 

 tired he would have been had not Will 

 good-naturedly helped him to finish his 

 task. 



Only thorough work is worth doing. 

 Faults only half uprooted will appear 

 again and again, and we shall almost de- 

 spair of curing them. WiU you remem- 

 ber this? — Bright Side. 



