California Agriculturist and Live Stock Journal. 



waj' through until thoy finally got into 

 the brain, where thoy became encysted, 

 and iu this condition they caused the 

 disease among sheep WfU known as the 

 staggers. Man himself sometimes suf- 

 fers from the encysted larva-, which pro- 

 duces a disease called hydatids. Sheep 

 were also atl'ected by another parasite be- 

 longing to a difl'erent order from that of 

 tapeworm, called flukes. These creat- 

 ures possess a different internal organiz- 

 ation, and attach themselves by means 

 of suckers alone. Each worm was her- 

 maphroditic and their presence produced 

 the well known sheep rot. The eggs of 

 the sheep fluke were blown about until 

 they sometimes found their way into the 

 water, where they swam about like mi- 

 croscopic organisms, and even become 

 parasitic upon fresh water moUusea. It 

 is undoubtedly because of sheeii drinking 

 the water in which the larv:e are present 

 that they become aft'ected by them. 

 Lambs and sheep are also affected, es- 

 pecially the former, by round worms 

 called mmatods, especially by one form 

 called slongi/hs, and the disease which 

 the presence of this form gives rise to is 

 called boose or busk. It is generally to 

 be met with in the bronchial tubes or 

 throats of young lambs. It also gets 

 into the interior of the heart or lungs, 

 where it becomes encysted, and produces 

 tubercular disease. When the netnakd 

 forms become encysted in man they pro- 

 duce a disease resembling rheumatic 

 fever called trichinosis. When they are 

 encysted iu some animals, as in pigs, 

 they are called trichina:. In some in- 

 stances these intestinal worms were not 

 considered injurious; for instance, the 

 Abyssinians never considered themselves 

 healthy unless suffering from tapeworms. 

 The dung of cows is frequently full of 

 tape-like forms, although the cows do 

 not seem to be suffering from any ail- 

 ment. Some sheep are affected by para- 

 sites, yet nevertheless they yield prime 

 mutton. It would seem from what is 

 already known of the life history of these 

 parasites that the danger arises from 

 their excessive development. 



of men, and tens of millions of dollars have a superior for the butter dairy any 

 of invested capital. But instead, all of where in this country. 



The only pure bred Holsteins of which 



we have any knowledge iu this country 

 are the get of those imported by a Jlr. 

 Chenery, of Boston, Massachusetts, in 

 1801, and placed on a farm near that 

 city. This importation was certified by 

 official authority iu Holland as being 

 pure. A four yt'ar old bull 2, Id.") 

 pounds, height five feet. The cows im- 

 ported averaged each 1,32.j pounds. Cue 

 of the cows by test o£ six days' milk 

 produced seventeen pounds fourteen 

 ounces good butter. As a dairy breed, 

 they equal any kuowu. For beef, 

 though heavy, they have not been tested 

 long enough to determine their relative 

 merits with other breeds. 



Col. Wm. Cumback, of this State, we 

 hear, is about to make a purchase of 

 some Holsteiu cows, to give them a trial. 

 Wo note this fact with i)leasure, as we 

 should like to see them introduced into 

 the West, and tested for dairy purposes. 

 We hope to have a description of these 

 new-comers when they arrive, as well as 

 a report of their qualities.— /'"iiu"" i''ar- 

 mer. 



Whistling Men ake Kind to Animals. 

 An old farmer once said to us that he 

 would not have a hired man on his farm 

 who did not habitually whistle. He al- 

 was hired whistlers. Said he never 

 knew a whistling laborer to find fault 

 with his food, his bed, or complain of 

 any little extra work be was asked to per- 

 form. Such a man was generally kind to 

 children and to auimnls in his care. He 

 would whistle a chilled lamb into warmth 

 and life, and would bring iu his hat full 

 of eggs from the barn without breaking 

 one of them. He found such a man 

 more careful about closing gates, putting 

 up bars, and seeing that the nuts on his 

 plow were all properly tightened before 

 he took it into the field. He never knew 

 a whistling hired man to kick or beat a 

 cow, or drive her on arun into the stable. 

 He had noticed that the sheep he fed in 

 the yard and shed gathered around him 

 as ho whistled, without fear. He never 

 had employed a whistler who was not 

 thoughtful and economical. 



Colorado Stock E.\ngks.— Strangers 

 make a great mistake when they look 

 over the plains and call them unprod\ic- 

 tive and worthless, for what they think 

 is barren is far from being so. If the 

 pastures of the plains on which cattle are 

 grown and made fat were represented by 

 such meadows and cornfields as in the 

 States are required for those cattle, the 

 stranger would, like Linden, "see an- 

 other sight," for they would stretch far 

 and near and mile after mile in verdant 

 green; and they would be the result of 

 thousands and thousands of days' labor 



this comes free; it is a wide domain of 

 grass, owned by the government, which 

 is possessed and utilized without the in- 

 vestment of a dollar or the expenditure 

 of an hour's labor by man or beast, and 

 it is presented uot only through the 

 spring, summer and fall months, but 

 also through all the winter months; iu 

 fact there is not a day in the whole year 

 in which cattle are uot feculiug on the 

 the range. Teople in the States cannot 

 understand this, for, as Burns says of 

 the immortality of the soul, "it is almost 

 too good news to be true." Still, such 

 are the facts, and the amount of clear 

 income to Colorado from this source is, 

 to the whole people, greater than the in- 

 come of any people in the States from 

 the highest cultivation of the best soil. 

 — Gredey (Col.) Tribune. 



Inteenational Live Sto(;k Exhibi- 

 tion. — The live stock show will be made 

 in serial order, commencing with horses, 

 Sept. 1st to 1-lth; dogs, Sept. 4th to 8th; 

 neat cattle, Sept. 21st to Oct. 4th; sheep 

 anb swine, Oct. 10th to 18th; poultry, 

 Oct. 27th to Nov. lith. No charge will 

 be made as entry fee, nor for the use of 

 stalls, which will be of first-class charac- 

 ter in all respects. 



The stock yard is of sufficient area to 

 allow the construction of 7U0 box stalls 

 for horses, each fourteen feet square, 

 these to be afterwards divided for cattle, 

 by longitudinal partition^k into l.-lOO 

 stalls, each 7x14, all of ample elevation 

 and security. 



The stock yard will be thoroughly well 

 watered, and lighted by gas, and under 

 the constant charge of a company of Cen- 

 tennial guards. Exhibitors, or their 

 agents, will be required to assume the 

 entire charge of horses, neat eattle.sheep 

 and swine, and be alone responsible, al- 

 though the Commission will do all in its 

 power to provide for the comfort and 

 safety of the animals. Hay and straw 

 will be furnished by the Commission free 

 of charge. Hoots and grain will be sold 

 at actual cost. Each breed of well es- 

 tabhshed character in the various fami- 

 lies of live stock will constitute a distinct 

 class, under which awards will be made 

 as provided for in classifications. 



Holstein Cattle.— There is, perhaps, 

 the least known about this breed of cat- 

 tle of any in the country, and especially 

 is this true of the West. The first we 

 heard of them in this country were the 

 importations by Dutch emigrants along 

 the Hudson and its tributaries iu the 

 early settlement of New York. English 

 stock writers give us precious little con- 

 cerning this breed. The fact that the 

 Holstein breed is capable of transmitting 

 with undeviating certaiuty, constitutional 

 characteristics to their progeny, is proof 

 that they were bred with great care, per- 

 haps more than a century ago; for it is 

 well established that it is only by fix«J. 

 continuous, and systematic breeding for 

 a great period that any breed obtains this 

 power. 



As a breed they excell as milkers. In- 

 variably they are black and white in color 

 and are reckoned among the best dairy 

 breeds. A Mr. Le Roy, of New York, 

 imported in 1823, some of these cattle, 

 and they were afterward taken by his son 

 to the Genesee valley iuthat State. They 

 were remarkable for the yield and rich- 

 ness of their milk. But they in a few 

 years crossed with the Shorthorns, by 

 which the purity of the breed was lost. 

 It was from this that the fine grades so 

 much esteemed in parts of Orange county 

 New York, sprang. There are at present 

 in that section of the State, some of 

 these Holstein grades, which scarcely 



Bkans can be used instead of corn for 

 fattening cattle and sheep, and are so 

 used iu England to a very great extent. 

 Chemical analysis makes them equal to 

 oil-cake in fattening properties, and they 

 are better than corn for growing animals 

 —having greater proportion of nitrogen- 

 ous, or flesh-producing properties. Mor- 

 ton's Cyclopedia gives the average pro- 

 duct of an acre of good land, well tilled, 

 at thirtv bushels, of (Iti pounds each— 

 l,nSO pounds in all. In this there ars 

 460 pounds of nitrogenous, or flesh- 

 forming substances; 1,108 pounds of 

 heat (or fat) producing (970 pounds of 

 this is starch), and 352 pounds water 

 and mineral substances. Beans are al- 

 ways fed iu the shape of meal, and are 

 much used for horse feed as well as for 

 cattle and sheep. 



To Detehmine the Weight of Live 

 Stock.— Measure iu inches the girth 

 around the breast, just behind the shoul- 

 der-blade, and the length of the back 

 from the tail to the fore part of the 

 shoulder-blade. Multiply the length by 

 the girth (in inches), and dividc-bj 141. 

 If the girth is less than three feet, multi- 

 ply the quotient by 1 1 ; if between three 

 feet and five feet, multiply by 7; if be- 

 tween five and seven feet, multiply by 23; 

 if between seven and nine feet, multiply 

 by 31. If the animal is lean deduct one- 

 tweutieth from the result. Another rule 

 is, take the girth and length in feet and 

 multiplv the product by 330, and the re- 

 sult will be the answer iu pounds. The 

 live weight multiplied by 60.5 gives a 

 near approximation to the weight. 



The Farmers Loaning Wheat, 



The wheat buyers of California are a 

 clever set of fellows, and withal shrewd 

 business men. VCe have heretofore 

 shown up the combiuation that exists 

 among theui, constituting one of the 

 most formidable business rings iu the 

 the State. Formidable, because posses- 

 sed of immense cajiital to operate with, 

 and controlled and managed by men of 

 great experieucc iu the business, aud 

 holding within its control all the machin- 

 ery and mediums of correct aud latest 

 market news. This ring or combination 

 has practically held the monopoly of the 

 wheat exporting business for this coast 

 since wheat has become an article of ex- 

 tensive production for export. It also, 

 to a great extent, has the control of the 

 carrying trade iu wheat from this coast 

 to Euroi>o aud all other parts of the 



■world. "With all this experience, and all 

 this capital, and all these facilities, the 

 ring can fix the price of wheat almost at 

 will, and can regulate the profits of the 

 farmers almost to a dot. It is true the 

 farmers have at times made some efforts 

 to get out from under the hand of this 

 ring, but have always failed, and after 

 each effort have found themselves more 

 completely hedged in and bound down 

 than before. As a natural consequence, 

 at each successive failure of these efforts 

 the grain buyers have become more con- 

 scious of their strength, and have exer- 

 cised their power with more boldness 

 and audacity. The manner in which 

 they are managing the wheat market this 

 year is an evidence of their conscious 

 strength, and of their disposition to use 

 it to their own advantage. Possessed of 

 unbounded means themselves, they have 

 invented a plan by which they can do 

 business without the use of these means. 

 They are now operating on the capital oi 

 the farmers— the wheat raisers of the 

 country. They are loading ships with 

 wheat and dispatching them for the Eu- 

 ropean markets without having a dollar 

 of their own money invested in that 

 wheat, and by this same operation are 

 completely destroying all demand for 

 wheat for export at any price. And the 

 strangest part of this transaction is, that 

 they have got the farmers to become 

 parties to and promoters of the whole 

 scheme, notwithstanding it is aU done at 

 their expense and to their great disad- 

 vantage. The operation is this: The 

 grain buyers, through their agencies, 

 which are located in all the wheat grow- 

 ing sections of the State, ascertain as 

 nearly as may be the amount of wheat to 

 be exported. They 'then get coutiol of 

 the necessary shipping to carry this 

 wheat to market. They then fix upon a 

 price for wheat alongside the vessels, 

 which, of course, is low as compared to 

 the European market price. This price 

 they cause to be quoted iu all the com- 

 mercial papers of the Bay City, and the 

 same is copied into all the local papers 

 of the State. In connection with this 

 quotation, however, they manage to have 

 it stated in all cases that there is little or 

 no demand. They then instruct their 

 agents throughout the country to keep 

 and represent wheat as dull and uot 

 wanted at any price- that is, they are 

 not wanting to buy. For the accomma- 

 dation of farmers, however, who have 

 not the means of storing all their wheat, 

 they ^^■ill take all the wheat that may be 

 offered- that is, they will borrow it of 

 the fanners, and will agree that within a 

 certain stipulated time they will, on de- 

 mand, return an equal amount of wheat 

 or will pay for the same the then market 

 price, at the option of the loaner, the 

 farmer. Thus the wheat buyers, all of 

 whom are combined and interested in 

 the operation, are managing to get pos- 

 session of large quantities of wheat with- 

 out the investment of a dollar of their 

 own money, aud with it to fiU their ord- 

 ers and supply the European demand, 

 while the farmers in their ignorance and 

 innocence work on and wait for wheat 

 to rise so they may demand a return of 

 their loaned wheat or its equivalent in 

 gold. XuA so they may work and wait 

 in vain, for what is there to produce a 

 rise in wheat under the circumstances? 

 The real demand for export has been 

 supplied, and the ring of wheat buyers, 

 with the money in their pockets, are 

 masters of the situation. They don't 

 Taut to buy wheat, and there are no 

 other buyers. They already have the 

 farmers' wheat, and the money for it, 

 and of course wheat will remain dull and 

 the prices rule low. The wheat ring will 

 not be in any hurry to part with the 



