PACll IC TRF. F. AND V I N F 



one liall' to twn ami oiie half ouiiueH are 

 used according to size of tree. It is safeHt 

 not to put the licjuiJ on the hark, hut 

 about one and ii lialf or two inches from 

 it. After the li(|uid liaslieen put around 

 the tree, it should l)e immediately cov- 

 ered with si.x or eight inches of pulver- 

 ized soil and pressed down with a shovel- 

 li these directions are followed there is 

 no reason for failinjj; to kill the borer. 

 E.tperience has taught ua that the fumes 

 will remain about the tree for from a few 

 days to a couple of weeks, and if rain 

 should fall after the application, some 

 damage may result. We therefore rec- 

 ommend the removal of the soil from the 

 trench, after a few' days; or if rain should 

 follow the application, the soil should be 

 removed at once. A few years ag(j, in 

 189G, when this remedy was first intro" 

 duced by Mr. Cragin, people were too 

 anxious to trv it, and, in the endeavor to 

 do a good job, overlooked some impor- 

 tant points; the result was some damage 

 to a number of trees. Since that time, 

 however, some of our more careful and 

 experienced orchardists have tried the 

 liquid and would not use anything else 

 now. This remedy, applied in Novem- 

 ber or December, and followed with the 

 lime, coal tar, and whale-oil soaj) wash, 

 as a barrier, will reduce this terrible 

 pest. 



Strong Washes.— Some caustic soap 

 washes have been tried against the borers 

 without first digging them out. Al- 

 though in some cases such treatment has 

 worked well, mostly where young larvae 

 exist, yet for the old larvae it will not 

 give results which would warrant the 

 cost of the wash and the labor. In the 

 Eastern States coal tar or gas tar is used 

 in this way, and from reports received, 

 good results have been obtained, even 

 with nearly full-grown borers. In Cali- 

 fornia wo have always been warned 

 against the use of this material, owing to 

 our dry, hot climate, yet some very good 

 results have been obtained when the tar 

 was kept below the ground. We have 

 had damage where the tar was put on 

 the body of the tree, even only a few 

 inches above the ground, still sufficiently 

 exposed to the hot weather to drive the 

 oils into the bark and wood so as to kill 

 portions of the tree. 



Tobacco. — During the spring of MO'J 1 

 applied some tobacco dust to a few badly 

 infested trees, and on examining them 

 this fall I found but two borers in six 

 trees treated. I found that the bark and 

 earth touching the bark had been satur- 

 ated with tlie li<iuid tobacco. I shall try 

 further experiments next spring and hope 

 for better results. I used about half a 

 pound to the tree, and this was covered 

 over so as to prevent the wind from blow- 

 ing it away. In the Eastern States tob- 



acco was used by bincJing tobacco stems 

 (the midrib of the tobacco leaf) aroun<l 

 the trunk and then covering with earth. 

 Some good results were <jbtained. and it 

 is thought that the liijuid, which the 

 moisture brings out of the stems, did the 

 killing. Tobacco dust and stems can be 

 had at any of our cigar factories, stems 

 sell for one cent r ])yund an<i less, tobac- 

 co dust for two cents a i)ound. 



Gas Mme.— Some years ago it was 

 thought that gas lime would be a good 

 remedy and would likely kill the borer 

 in the burrow. Experiments were tried, 

 with fatal results to the tree. I mention 

 this, as upon several occasions inquiries 

 as to this material have been received. 



Preventive measures or barriers are 

 substances which prevent the young lar- 

 vae from entering the tree, and it has 

 been the endeavor of the experimenter 

 to find some substance which would be 

 least affected by rain and which would 

 yield as much as possible to the expan- 

 sion of the trunk of the tree. 



Paper. — Good paper lias lasted better 

 than many other barriers, and very suc- 

 cessful results have been obtained. We 

 have, however, had also great failures, 

 and these can be attributed to the fact 

 that the small borers — those that are just 

 beginning to enter the bark — were not 

 taken out of the tree. .\s I have stated 

 above, these small borers are often over- 



looked, and if enclosed under any paper 

 harrier will continue feeding and doing 

 damage, which will l)e discovered when 

 the paper is removed in the fall. Some 

 failure may be attributed to weather con- 

 ditions (rain and wind), which soften 

 the paper and cause it to become torn in 

 places, allywing the borer to enter un- 

 disturbed. If paper is to be used, good 

 stout paraffine paper is the best. Enough 

 soil should be removed from around the 

 tree so that the paper can be put at least 

 six inches below the surface; it should 

 also be placed at least eighteen inches 

 up on the trunk. The paper should bo 

 lied with cotton string in several places, 

 to hold it tightly around the tree; and it 

 should either be folded upon its edges or 

 given a broad laji. These barriers should 

 be put on about the middle of March, 

 ana this may he said of all preventives or 

 barriers; the object being to have the 

 tree protected before the moths Hy. 



The smallest cows in the world are, 

 probably, the Guinea breed. One of 

 these little cows, reported by a Florida 

 correspon<lent, weighs less than \i~IO 

 pounds, is five feet long, 39 inches high- 

 est shoulder, and 4^ inches behind. Her 

 mother, still living, weighs about 4CK) 

 pounds. She is a first rate milker, giving 

 at times It) quarts per day. 



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