X TABLE OF CONTENTS 



evidence for each, 278; Mechanism versus vitahsm, 281; Artificial 

 parthenogenesis, 283; Regeneration and regulation, 285. 



CHAPTER XIV.— Paleontology. 



Fossils and thei/ significance, 289; Fossil-bearing rocks and 

 their origin, 292; Geological epochs, 296; Conditions of extinct 

 life, 297; Divergent types and synthetic types, 299; Parallelism 

 between geologic and embryonic series, 300; Orthogenesis, 301; 

 Significance in evolution of the facts of paleontology, 301 ; Dur- 

 ation in time of species, 302; History of the vertebrates, 305; 

 Man, 307. 



CHAPTER XV. — Geographical Distribution. 



Zoogeography, 309; Relation of species to geography, 311 

 Laws of distribution, 314 ; Species debarred by barriers, 315 

 Species debarred by. inability to maintain their ground, 315 

 Species altered by adaptation to new conditions, 315; Effects of 

 barriers, 316; Faunas and faunal areas, 316; Remains of animal 

 life, 322; Subordinate remains of provinces, 323; Faunal areas of 

 sea, 323 ; Analogies between language and fauna, 325 ; Geographic 

 distribution and the theory of descent, 326. 



CHAPTER XVL— Adaptations. 



The principle of fitness and general adaptations, 327; Origin 

 of adaptations, 327; Types and classification of species adapta- 

 tions, 328; Adaptations for food-securing, 329; Adaptations for 

 self-defense, 330; Adaptations brought about by rivalry, 331; 

 Adaptations for defense of young, 338; Special adjustments to 

 surroundings, 343. 



CHAPTER XVIL — Parasitism and Degeneration. 



Parasitism defined, 347; Kinds of parasitism, 348; Simple 

 structure of parasites, 350; Gregarina, 351; Parasitic hemospor- 

 idia: the cause of malarial fevers, 351 ; Tapeworm and other flat 

 worms, 354; Trichina and other round worms, 355; Sacculina, 358; 

 Parasitic insects, 359; Parasitic vertebrates, 361 ; Parasitic plants, 

 362; Degeneration through quiescence, 363; Degeneration through 

 other causes, 363; Immediate causes of degeneration, 366; Ad- 

 vantages and disadvantages of parasitism and degeneration, 36. 



CHAPTER XVIII. — Mutual Aid and Communal Life among Ani- 

 mals. 



Man not the only special animal, 369; Animal societies, 369; 

 Commensalism, 370; Symbiosis, 373; Symbiosis between animals 



