PALEOKTOLOGY 



307 



The first traces of man appear in the later geologic times 

 after the end of tTie Tertiary. Human bones have been found 

 in caves together with those of the cave-lion, cave-bear, antl 

 other extinct animals. In certain hikes in Switzerland and 

 Austria have been found remains of i)eculiar dwellings, to- 

 gether with ancient fishing hooks and a variety' of imple- 

 ments of stone and bronze. These houses were \nn\t on piles 

 in the lakes, and connected with the shore by piers or Ijridges. 

 The extinct race of men who lived in them is known as 

 Lake-dwellers. Relics of man, especially rough stone tools 

 and Hint arrow and axe heads, and skulls and other bones, 



Fig. 182. — Rough drawing of a mammoth on its own ivory, by a contemporary man. 



(After Le Conte.) 



have been found under circumstances which indicate with 

 certainty that man has existed long on the earth. But with 

 these relics very few bones are found. This has been ac- 

 counted for by supposing that man existed in a few wander- 

 ing tribes scattered widely over Europe. In Java are found 

 some ancient bones of manlike animals (Pithecanthroptis) , dif- 

 ferent, however, from any species or race of men living to-day, 

 and showing traits which indicate a close relationship with the 

 anthropoid apes. 



The time of historic man — i. e., the period which has elapsed 

 since the history of man can be traced from carvings or buildings 

 or writings made by himself — is short indeed compared with 

 that of prehistoric man. Barbarous man writes no liistory 

 and leaves no record save his tools and his bones. Iron and 

 bronze rust, bones decay, wood disappears. Only stone im- 



