g2 EVOLUTION AND DISEASE. 
cases they may have obtained them from man, but in 
the majority of instances, especially the pendulous 
auricles of fauns, the goat furnished the model. This is 
illustrated in the faun from the Capitol, for we see by 
the side of the faun a goat with cervical auricles clearly 
and unmistakably represented (fig. 48), and on the 
faun’s shoulders a goat’s skin is thrown. The goat 
element in the composition of these satyrs is evident in 
more ways than one; the egipans are goat-legged and 
their tails are excellent copies of that appendage in the 
goat. Be this as it may, we are bound to admit that the 
old sculptors were close observers of nature. 
The grounds for regarding these congenital appen- 
dages in man as auricles may be thus summarized :— 
1. Embryology teaches that they grow like the normal 
pinna from the swollen edge of a branchial cleft, and are 
thus homologous with opercula. 
2. Frequently such auricles surmount the cutaneous 
orifice of a congenital branchial fistula. 
3. When no fistule are present, the situation they occupy 
corresponds to that of the third or fourth branchial cleft. 
Most frequently it is the third cleft, that is, in the middle 
of the neck, corresponding to the anterior border of the 
sterno-mastoid muscle. The fourth cleft opens near the 
sterno-clavicular articulation. 
4. Structurally they correspond to the normal pinna. 
5. Not infrequently one member of a family will have 
persistent branchial fistula, whilst another has cervical 
auricles, and a third a fistula and cervical auricle. 
Before leaving the consideration of the changes which 
result from the transformation of aquatic into land 
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