96 
checking up on this reconstruction, comes to an entirely 
different conclusion. He finds that the work of Drs. 
Dawson and Woodward was done “in open defiance of all 
that scientists know about skulls, whether ancient or 
modern.” His words are: “I soon saw that the parts 
of the reconstructed Piltdown skull had been apposed 
in a manner which was in open defiance of all that was 
known of skulls, ancient and modern, human and anthro- 
poid. Articulating the bones in a manner which has 
been accepted by all anatomists in all times, I found 
that the brain-chamber, instead of measuring 1,070 cubic 
ecm., as in Dr. Smith Woodward’s reconstruction, 
measured 1,500 cubic cm.,—a large brain chamber for 
even modern man.” 
The Neanderthal skull was found in 1856 in the 
neighborhood of Duesseldorf by Dr. Fuhlrott, of Elber- 
feld. When the skull and other parts of the skeleton 
were exhibited at a scientific meeting held at Bonn the 
same year, a wide divergence of opinion at once developed 
among the specialists. By some, doubts were expressed 
as to the human character of the remains. Others held 
that the remains indicate a person of much the same 
stature as a European of the present day, but with such 
an unusual thickness in some of them as betokened a 
being of very extraordinary strength. Dr. Meyer, of 
Bonn, regarded the skull as the remains of a Cossack 
killed in 1814. Other scientists agreed with him. 
Modern science accepts the antiquity of the Neanderthal 
man, but the controversy has never ceased. The great 
Virchow declared the peculiarities of the bones to be the 
result of disease. | 
Near Liege, in Belgium, not more than seventy miles 
from the Neanderthal, the Engis skull was found. Af- 
ter careful measurement it was proved not to differ ma- 
terially from the skulls of modern Europeans. 
