CONTENTS. Vll 



PAGB 



sal is. — The Four Types of Evolution in the Four Main Groups of 

 the Animal Kingdom. — Baer's Law of the Type of Evolution and 

 the Degree of Perfection. — Explanation of this Law by the Theory 

 of Selection. — Baer's Successors : Eathke, Johannes Miiller, Bis- 

 choff, KoUiker. — The Cell Theory : Schleiden, Schwann. — Its Appli- 

 cation to Ontogeny : Eobert Remak. — Retrogressions in Ontogeny : 

 Reichert and His. — Extension of the Domain of Ontogeny : Darwin 48 



CHAPTER IV. 



THE EARLIER HISTORY OF PHYLOGENY. 



Jean Lamarck. 



Phylogeny before Darwin. — Origin of Species. — Karl Linnasus' Idea of 

 Species, and Assent to Moses' Biblical History of Creation. — The 

 Deluge. — Palaeontology. — George Cuvier's Theory of Catastrophes. 

 — Repeated Terrestrial Revolutions, and New Creations. — Lyell's 

 Theory of Continuity. — The Natural Causes of the Constant Modi- 

 fication of the Earth. — Supernatural Origin of Organisms. — 

 Immanuel Kant's Dualistic Philosophy of Nature. — Jean Lamarck. 

 — Monistic Philosophy of Nature. — The Story of his Life, — His 

 Pliilosophie Zoologique. — First Scientific Statement of the Doctrine 

 of Descent. — Modification of Organs by Practice and Habit, in 

 Conjunction with Heredity. — Application of the Theory to Man. — 

 Descent of Man from the Ape. — Wolfgang Goethe. — His Studies 

 in Natural Science. — His Morphology. — His Studies of the 

 " Formation and Transformation of Organisms." — Goethe's Theory 

 of the Tendency to Specific Differences (Heredity) and of Meta- 

 morphosis (Adaptation) ... ... ... ... ... 70 



CHAPTER V. 



MODERN PHYLOGENY. 



Charles Darwin. 



Relation of Modem to Earlier Phylogeny. — Charles Darwin's Work on 

 the Origin of Species. — Causes of its Remarkable Success. — The 

 Theory of Selection : the Interrelation of Hereditary Transmission 

 and Adaptation in the Struggle for Existence. — Darwin's Life and 

 Voyage Round the World — His Grandfather, Erasmus Darwin. — 

 Charles Darwin's Study of Domestic Animals and Plants. — Com- 



