vi CONTENTS. 



PACE 



Tkrorphogeny. — The History of Evolution as yet almost entirely 

 the Product of Morphology, and not of Physiology. — The History 

 of the Evolution of the Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal 

 Marrow) is involved in that of the Psychic Activities, or the Mind 1 



CHAPTER II. 



THE EARLIER HISTORY OF ONTOGENY. 



Caspar Friedeich Wolff. 



The Evolution of Animals as known to AHstotle. — His Knowledge of 

 the Ontogeny of tlie Lower Animals. — Stationary Condition of the 

 cientific Study of Nature during the Christian Middle Ages — 

 First Awakening of Ontogeny in the Beginning of the Seventeenth 

 Century.— Fabricius ab Aquapendente. — Harvey. — Marcello Mal- 

 ighi. — Importance of the Incubated Chick. — The Theories of Pre- 

 formation and Encasement (Evolution and Pre -delineation). — 

 Theories of Male and Female Encasement. — Either the Sperm. 

 animal or the Egg as the Pre-formed Individual.— Aniraalculists : 

 Leenwenhoek, Hartsoeker, Spallanzani. — Ovnlists : Haller, Leib- 

 nitz, Bonnet. — Victory of the Theory of Evolution owing to the 

 uthority of Haller and Leibnitz. — Caspar Friedrich Wolff. — His 

 Fate and Works. — Tne Theoria Genefationis. — Re-formation, or 

 Epigenesis. — The History of the Evolution of the Intestinal Canal. 

 — The Foundations of the Theory- of Germ-layers (Four Layers, 

 Leaves). — The Metamorphosis of Plants. — The Germs of the 

 Cellular Theory. — Wolff's Monistic Philosophy ... ... ... 25 



CHAPTER III. 



MODERN ONTOGENY. 



Karl Ernst Baer. 



Karl Ernst Bacr, the Principal Disciple of Wolff. — TheWiirzbnrg School 

 of Embryologists : Dollingor, Pander, Bacr. — Pander's Tlioory of 

 Germ-layers. — Its Full Development by Baer, — The Disc-shaped 

 first parts into Two Germ-layers, each of which again divides into 

 Two Strata. The Skin or Flesh-stratum arises from the Outer or 

 Animal Germ-layer. The Vascular or Mucous Stratum arises from 

 tlio Iimer or Vegetative Germ-layer. The Significance of the 

 (icrm-laycrs. — The Modification of the Layers into Tubes. — Baer's 

 DiHCOVory of the Human Egg, the Germ-vesicle, and Chorda Dor- 



