HERMAPHRODITISM. 65 



one will admit, are for the most part animals of distinctly sluggish 

 habit; the natural characteristics of the male sex may be said to be 

 to some extent handicapped, and curious instances are known where 

 the more external functions of the two sexes are strangely inverted. 

 The male obstetric frog is not alone in taking charge of the ova, and 

 the female of one of the efts behaves in copulation like a male. 



The list need not be further followed; it is enough to note the 

 very wide occurrence of partial hermaphroditism. In many cases, 

 however, this takes an interesting form, by expressing itself in the 

 external characters. Forms occur in which the minor peculiarities 

 of the two sexes — coloring, decorations, weapons, and the like — 

 appear blended together, or in which the secondary sexual characters 

 are at variance with the internal organs. In most cases, one is safe 

 in saying that there is no true internal hermaphroditism in any degree. 

 Arrest of maturity or puberty, cessation of the reproductive functions, 

 removal or disease of the essential organs, and the like, may alter the 

 secondary sexual characters from female toward male, or, less fre- 

 quently, vice versa. A female deer may develop a horn, or a hen 

 a spur, and in such cases the ovaries are generally found to be 

 diseased. The prettiest cases of superficial hermaphroditism occur 

 among insects, especially among moths and butterflies, where it often 

 happens that the wings on one side are those of the male, on the 

 other those of the female. Only the external features have been 

 observed in most cases; but it has been shown by dissection that such 

 superficial blending may exist along with internal unisexuality, or, in 

 a few cases, with genuine internal hermaphroditism. A beautiful ca'se 

 of intimate blending of superficial sex-characters was lately shown to 

 us by Mr. W. de V. Kane, of Kingstown. A specimen of butterfly 

 (Ezichloe enphenoidcs) showed the anterior half of the fore-wings and 

 part of the hind-wings with the characteristic white ground of the 

 female, while in the posterior half of the fore-wings and on most of 

 the hind-wings the characteristic sulphur of the male prevailed. In 

 other minor ways the characteristics of the two sexes, which are well 

 marked, were intimately blended. Similar cases are on record. 



V. Normal Adult Hermaphroditism. — This is rare among 

 the higher animals, but common among the lower. On the threshold 

 of the vertebrate series we find it indeed constant among the tunicata; 

 but above these it is only known to occur normally in two genera of 

 fishes, and in one genus of amphibians. " A testis is constantly found 

 imbedded in the wall of the ovary in Chrysophrys and Serramis, and 

 the last-named fish is said to be self-impregnating." In some species 

 of male toad (for example, Bufo cinereus) a somewhat rudimentary 

 ovary is always present in front of the testes. All other cases among 



