2 86 THE EVOLUTION OF SEX. 



be but a secondary resultant of an originally reproductive and species- 

 regarding progress, that lower Utilitarianism, which has so long been 

 arguing from economics to biology and back again, is evidently a step 

 nearer exposure. 



Or again, that increase of reproductive sacrifice, which at once 

 makes the mammal and marks its essential stages of further progress 

 through oviparous monotreme, prematurely-bearing marsupial, and 

 various grades of placental; that increase of paternal care; that fre- 

 quent appearance of sociality or cooperation, which even in its rudest 

 forms so surely secures the success of the species attaining it, be it 

 mammal or bird, insect or even worm, — all these phenomena of sur- 

 vival of the truly fittest, through love, sacrifice, and cooperation, 

 need far other prominence than they could possibly receive on the 

 hypothesis of the essential progress of the species through internecine 

 struggle of its individuals at the margin of subsistence. Each of the 

 greater steps of progress is in fact associated with an increased measure 

 of subordination of individual competition to reproductive or social 

 ends, and of interspecific competition to cooperative association. 



The corresponding progress in the historic and individual world, 

 from sex and family up to tribe or city, nation and race, and ultimately 

 to the conception of humanity itself, also becomes increasingly appar- 

 ent. Competition and survival of the fittest are never wholly eliminated, 

 but reappear on each new plane to work out the predominance of the 

 higher, that is, more integrated and associated type, the phalanx being 

 victorious till in turn it meets the legion. But this service no longer 

 compels us to regard these agencies as the essential mechanism of 

 progress, to the practical exclusion of the associative factor upon which 

 the victory depends, as economist and biologist have too long misled 

 each other into doing. For we see that it is possible to interpret the 

 ideals of ethical progress, through love and sociality, cooperation and 

 sacrifice, not as mere Utopias contradicted by experience, but as the 

 highest expressions of the central evolutionary process of the natural 

 world. The ideal of evolution is indeed an Eden; and although com- 

 petition can never be wholly eliminated, and progress must thus 

 approach without ever completely reaching its ideal, it is much for our 

 pure natural history to recognize that " creation's final law "is not 

 struggle but love. The fuller working out of this thesis, however, 

 would lead us far beyond our present limits, toward a restatement of 

 the entire theory of organic evolution. Leaving this to other papers, 

 but specially to a future work, suffice it here, in conclusion, to indicate 

 an important change in the general point of view. The older biologists 

 have been primarily anatomists, analyzing and comparing the form of 

 the organism, separate and dead; however incompletely, we have 



