58 l 1 1 1 : POUK SEGREGATIVE PRINCIPLES. 



new forms of partition open the way for diverse forms of election, 

 which resull in the success of divergent habitudes in tlie sepa 

 rated groups; and these divergent habitudes may bring the individ- 

 uals to whom they belong into positions producing isolation, and into 

 divergent methods of dealing with the environment, and so subject 

 them to divergent forms of selection producing divergent racial evo- 

 lution. 



We therefore observe that, in the evolution of the higher types of 

 animals, each of these four principles must have a most important 

 pari ; for, in producing divergent racial types, isolation is absolutely 

 essential, and partition is the forerunner preparing the way for isola- 

 tion. Again, selection usually operates in each generation, either in 

 giving emphasis and stability to types already attained, or in mold- 

 ing the separate groups created by partition and isolation, according 

 to new necessities, which are, in most cases, introduced by the new 

 experiments, new attainments, and new habitudes that have been 

 established by the different forms of election. My interpretation of 

 these factors does not tend toward the minimizing of the importance 

 of selection; but it shows that isolation, partition, and election are of 

 equal importance in their own spheres. It shows that the transfor- 

 mation of forms that do not freely intergenerate is always more or less 

 divergent, and that the racial divergence of any two forms is absolutely 

 dependent on isolation, i. e , the prevention of free crossing. It fur- 

 ther emphasizes the fact that selection, both in its reflexive and its 

 environal forms, is in a large degree controlled by the varying habi- 

 tudes and aptitudes of different sections of a species, so that the iso- 

 lated portions of a variable species would in time develop different 

 forms of selection, even if they could be exposed to absolutely similar 

 environments. These points are all presented in full in the paper 

 reproduced in Appendix II, but the new nomenclature here introduced 

 facilitates our apprehension of the facts. 



3. The Two Methods of Generalization. 



Racial generalization is produced by heredity with free crossing 

 within the bounds of each racial group. Habitudinal generalization 

 is produced by tradition with free association within the bounds of the 

 social group. The influence of heredity is so fully recognized that we 

 need not stop to illust rate the fact that two or more somewhat diver- 

 gent types, when freely intergenerating for many generations, will be 

 reduced in a single racial (or aptitudinal) type which is perpetuated 

 with considerable constancy from generation to generation. It is also 

 manifest that t radition, which transmits the habits of each generation 

 to the next, through the training and suggestion given by parents to 



