ANGER. 15 



threatened injury, hostility, revenge, &c. As a horse's chief 

 defence against foes, when in a wild state, is flight ; one 

 of the easiest signals to make him understand is that of 

 threatening him from behind, with a driving whip, for 

 instance, in order to induce him to go forward. 



A horse shows his love of freedom by his tendency to 

 revert to a wild state. In this, he acts in marked contrast 

 to the ass, who seems to accept his lot of servitude with 

 resignation, probably on account of his having been longer 

 under the influence of domestication. 



A horse may be easily excited to anger by the infliction 

 of pain, by threat, and by acting in a suspicious manner, 

 as a person might do even by running away from the 

 animal in real or assumed fear. A horse may display his 

 anger by active resentment or hostility, or by stubbornness, 

 which is of all faults the most difficult to overcome. His 

 memory of the successful indulgence of such feelings is 

 particularly long. I remember the case of a cavalry horse 

 which had incurred the dislike of the Colonel of the 

 regiment on account of jibbing and refusing to jump. 

 The commanding officer had on several occasions vainly 

 used the driving whip with the utmost severity in the 

 endeavour to make the animal clear the obstacles in the 

 riding-school. At last, the Colonel gave the delinquent up 

 as hopeless, and had him " cast." He was bought for a 

 very small sum by a friend of mine, who is a capable horse- 

 man, and who in a short time converted him into a willing 

 and reliable harness horse. Five years passed by without 

 incident as far as the horse was concerned, until it happened 

 that my friend drove him in his dog-cart to the neighbouring 

 railway station to meet the Colonel, who got into the trap, 

 and, as they drove off, began to express his thanks for the 

 "lift." The moment the horse heard the well-remembered 

 and hated voice, he instantly stopped and refused to pro- 



