88 



THEORY OF MOUTHING. 



by attaching the standing martingale to the rings of the 

 snaffle, at such a length that it will prevent the horse from 

 shifting the mouthpiece off the bars and on to the corners 

 of the mouth. When he finds that every time he " chucks " 



Fig. 9. Maximum length for a standing martingale. 



up his head, he gives the bars of his mouth a severe shock, 

 he will soon cease doing so, even, as a rule, without a mar- 

 tingale. The use of this gear should not, however, be dis- 

 pensed with before it has produced a more or less permanent 

 effect on the animal's mind. When that has taken place, he 



