THE STANDING MARTINGALE. 



89 



will often be apparently unable to distinguish whether the 

 martingale be absent or present. In any case, I feel certain 

 from long and careful observation that the intelligence of 

 the horse is not sufficiently developed to enable him to 



Fig. 10. Front view of leather-covered, unjointed snaffle. 



understand that the presence of the martingale is the cause 

 of the inflicted pain. If he were able to connect cause and 

 effect to such an extent as this, it would be impossible for 

 us to subordinate his will to ours as completely as we are 



Fig. n. Leather-covered, unjointed snaffle, in horse's mouth 



able to do. By the employment of this martingale the 

 horse will readily learn the important lesson of bending his 

 head and neck to save his mouth. Finding that it is im- 

 possible for him to successfully pull against the standing 



