UNJOINTED SNAFFLE. 91 



heads too high, and which are kept on the turn a good 

 deal like polo ponies, for instance we may fix this martin- 

 gale to the noseband instead of to the mouthpiece. While 

 breaking in the horse, it is always well to employ leather 

 guards, either as a portion of the leather mouthpiece (see 



Fig. 12. Jumping with standing martingale. 



Figs. 10 and n), or like those used by London cabmen, 

 so as to prevent the corners of the mouth from being hurt. 

 I give Fig. 12 to show that a moderately tight standing 

 martingale will not interfere with the movements of a horse 

 even when jumping. The horse which I was riding on that 

 occasion was a bad star-gazer and very hard puller. Having 

 had a couple of lessons with the standing martingale, he 



