TEACHING HORSE TO LEAD. 195 



whip the back part of the fore arm of the off fore. 

 We should strive to obtain precise movements without any 

 approach to hurry, and by justly meted-out punishment 

 and reward should make our wishes clearly intelligible to 

 our pupil. After a few lessons, the horse may be made to 

 turn on his forehand while holding the head and neck 

 straight, in which position, as I have just said, his equi- 

 librium will be better preserved than if the head were 

 turned to the left. The left rein will, if required, prevent 

 the horse from reining back, and will also keep his head 

 at the desired height. The off rein will stop him from 

 going round too quickly ; and both reins will aid in 

 checking any forward advance on his part. 



In teaching the turn on the forehand to the right, we 

 should place ourselves near the off shoulder of the horse, 

 and should use the reins and whip in the reversed manner 

 to which we did for obtaining the turn on the forehand 

 to the left. As the action of the whip in this case is 

 preparatory to that of the drawn-back foot of the rider ; 

 we should gradually advance its point of contact with the 

 skin until we gain our object by touching the horse with 

 the whip on that portion of his side which the heel or spur 

 would reach. 



Teaching the horse to turn on the forehand in obedience 

 to the proper aids, is, I think, essential to the education 

 of all saddle horses ; for it is the best preparatory means 

 for making them readily obey the leg. 



TEACHING A HORSE TO LEAD. 



After giving the horse his lessons with the long reins, and 

 making him turn on his forehand, there will be little or no 

 difficulty in getting him to lead, which he may be taught to 

 do by using the crupper leading-rein (see Fig. 96) and the 

 words " Come here ! " or any convenient substitute, when 



