CURING REFUSERS. 239 



horse seems, as with the rope-twitch (see page 116), to fail 

 to connect the idea of pain, in this case, with the man 

 who inflicts it, as he undoubtedly does when whipped or 

 spurred ; and, probably on that account, yields the more 

 readily to its influence. 



If the animal prove thoroughly stubborn, and time be of 

 consequence, he may be made to lie down, and held with 

 his head pulled round (see page 149), until he appears to 

 " give in." The driving gear should be again put on, and 



Fig. 112. Teaching horse to jump with long reins. 



another trial given. This process may have to be repeated. 

 Such strong measures will hardly ever be necessary if we 

 commence with the fence low enough. 



When putting the animal through the course of discipline 

 which I have described for overcoming stubbornness by the 

 use of the long reins, I have found that the good effect has 

 been greatly increased by utilising the action of the outward 

 rein on the pad. 



The fence may be gradually raised to a height of 3 feet, 



