192 HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT 



characters; either aspect is a true one and 

 yet neither is complete in itself. Formerly in 

 discussions on heredity the individual was re- 

 garded in its entirety and when all hereditary 

 resemblances and differences were averaged it 

 was said that one child resembled the father, 

 another child the mother. This method of 

 lumping together and averaging resemblances 

 and differences led to endless confusion. In 

 heredity no less than in anatomy it is neces- 

 sary to deal with the constituents of organ- 

 isms; in short, the organism must be analyzed 

 and each part studied by itself. Francis Gal- 

 ton was one of the first to bring order out of 

 chaos by dealing with traits or characters 

 singly instead of treating all together. He 

 made careful studies on the inheritance of 

 weight and size in the seeds of sweet peas, and 

 on the inheritance of stature, eye-color, intel- 

 lectual capacity, artistic ability and certain 

 diseases in man. At the same time that Gal- 

 ton was thus laying the foundations for a 

 scientific study of heredity by dealing with 

 characters separately, another and even 

 greater student of heredity, Gregor Mendel, 



