658 



OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 



Fig. 172. 



apparatus of Organic life, the 

 Visceral system. To this system, 

 which seldom presents itself in a 

 distinctly recognizable form in In- 

 vertebrated animals, we are pro- 

 bably to refer not only the Semi- 

 lunar and Cardiac ganglia (which 

 seem to be its principal centres), 

 with the chain of cranial, cervical, 

 thoracic, lumbar, and sacral gan- 

 glia, which are in nearer connection 

 with the cerebro-spinal system, but 

 also numerous minute ganglia, which 

 are to be found on its branches in 

 various parts, and, in addition, the 

 ganglia upon the posterior roots of 

 the spinal nerves ; and if such be 

 the case, those fibres contained in 

 the cerebro-spinal nerves, which 

 have these as their ganglionic cen- 

 tres, must also be accounted as 

 belonging to the Sympathetic sys- 

 tem. On the other hand, there un- 

 questionably exist numerous fibres 

 in the Visceral system, which pro- 

 ceed into it from the Cerebro-spinal 

 system; these, however, are not 

 uniformly distributed, for some of 

 the Visceral nerves contain few or 

 none of them, whilst in others 

 they are numerous. The branches 

 by which the Sympathetic system 

 communicates with the Cerebro- 

 spinal, and which were formerly 

 considered as the roots of the Sym- 

 pathetic system, contain fibres of 

 both kinds; i. e., Cerebro-spinal 

 fibres passing into the Sympathetic, 

 and Sympathetic fibres passing into 

 the Cerebro-spinal. The latter are 

 chiefly, if not entirely, transmit- 

 ted into the anterior branches of 

 the Spinal nerves; the posterior 



A view of the Great Sympathetic Nerve. 1, the plexus on the carotid artery in the carotid foramen ; 2, 

 ixth nerve (motor externus) ; 3, first branch of the fifth or ophthalmic nerve ; 4, a branch on the septum 

 narium going to the incisive foramen ; 5. the recurrent branch or vidian nerve dividing into the carotid and 

 petrosal branches; 6, posterior palatine branches; 7, the lingual nerve joined by the chorda tympani; 8, the 

 portio dura of the seventh pair or the facial nerve; 9, the superior cervical ganglion ; 10, the middle cervical 

 ganglion; 11, the inferior cervical ganglion ; 12, the roots of the great splanchnic nerve arising from the dorsal 

 ganglia; 13, the lesser splanchnic nerve; 14, the renal plexus; 15, the solar plexus; 16, the mesenteric 

 plexus; 17, the lumbar ganglia; 18, the sacral ganglia; 19, the vesical plexus; 20, the rectal plexus; 21, the 

 lumbar plexus (cerebro-spinal); 22, the rectum; 23, the bladder; 24, the pubis; 25, the crest of the ilium; 

 26, the kidney; 27, the aorta; 28, the diaphragm ; 29, the heart; 30, the larynx ; 31, the subiuaxillary gland; 

 32, the incisor teeth; 33, nasal septum ; 34, globe of the eye ; 35, 36, cavity of the cranium. 



