CHAPTER V 

 AGGLUTININS AND PRECIPITINS 



GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 

 AGGLUTININS. 



BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION. 

 INTRODUCTION. 



PRODUCTION OF IMMUNE AGGLUTININS. 

 PRELIMINARY TITRATION. 



BLEEDING THE IMMUNE RABBIT. 



METHODS OF TITRATION. 

 MACROSCOPIC. 



MICROSCOPIC (THE WIDAL TEST). 

 SPECIFICITY OF AGGLUTININS. 



GROUP REACTIONS. 



ABSORPTION OF AGGLUTININS. 

 INHIBITION ZONES. 

 INFLUENCE OF HEAT. 

 INFLUENCE OF ELECTROLYTES. 

 INFLUENCE OF HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION. 

 THE MECHANISM OF AGGLUTINATION. 



ALTERATIONS OF CELL AGGLUTINABILITY. 



THE NATURE OF AGGLUTININS. 



PHYSICAL BASIS OF AGGLUTINATION. 



THE DREYER TEST. 

 HEM AGGLUTININS. 



HETERO-HEMAGGLUTININS. 

 ISO-HEMAGGLUTININS. 



CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN ISO-HEMAGGLUTININS. 

 CHARACTERS. 

 MECHANISM. 



ISO-HEMAGGLUTININS IN OTHER ANIMALS. 

 BLOOD TRANSFUSION. 



METHODS FOR TESTING HUMAN BLOOD. 

 REACTIONS. 



CHEMICAL AGGLUTINATION OF ERYTHROCYTES. 

 CONGLUTI NATION. 

 PRECIPITINS. 



INTRODUCTION. 



NATURE OF REACTION. 



EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION. 



DELICACY OF REACTION. 



INFLUENCE OF HEAT AND OTHER AGENTS. 



PRACTICAL APPLICATION. 



THE FORENSIC BLOOD TEST. 

 BIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS. 



ORGAN SPECIFICITY. 

 DETECTION OF FOOD ADULTERATION. 

 FUNCTION IN IMMUNITY. 



General Introduction. Jf a clear albuminous urine be boiled the 

 invisible protein aggregates clump together, become visible as 

 flocculi, and sink to the bottom of the test-tube. If to a colloidal 

 suspension of mastic be added a proper concentration of common salt 

 a similar flocculation of the mastic occurs. Red blood-corpuscles or 

 bacteria shaken in physiologic salt solution form a cloudy suspen- 

 sion of particles invisible to the naked eye. They may be clumped 

 together by a variety of methods in similar flocculi which become 

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