50 NATIONALITY AND RACE 



cephalic side of the scale. The curve to the right 

 is taken from 36,202 men from Lombardy, and has 

 a high peak towards the brachycephalic side of the 

 scale. The curve for All Italy, based on measure- 

 ments of 294,271 males, is much flatter, as it repre- 

 sents a larger and more mixed population, with a 

 preponderance towards the broad-headed side and 

 a minor peak corresponding with the Sicilian element. 

 The distribution of cranial index, colouration and 

 stature in Europe has been well shown in a set of 

 most interesting maps published by Dr. Ripley. A 

 broad band of short-headedness stretches through 

 Central Europe from France eastwards into Asia, 

 separating two areas of long-headedness, the one 

 on the north including the British Isles, Scandinavia, 

 and a narrow strip along the Baltic, that on the south 

 including the whole of Spain and Portugal, North 

 Africa, Sardinia, and the South of Italy. The 

 relative frequency of brunet traits increases rapidly 

 from the north southwards, in so notable a fashion 

 that did we not know the fallacy of attributing it to 

 the direct effect of temperature, from consideration 

 of the world as a whole, we should be disposed to 

 dismiss it as a mere indication of bronzing by the 

 sun. The map of stature shows here and there the 

 influence of specially hard conditions of life, and 

 probably the aggregation of members of the Jewish 

 race, who are on the average short, is revealed in 

 particular regions, as for instance in Poland, but 

 apart from such special features, there is a gradual 

 change from tallness in the north to shortness in the 

 south, corresponding with the similar transition from 

 fairness to brunetness. 



