AFFINITY OF MAN AND APE 91 



may be impressed. I cannot insist too strongly that 

 all these factors acting on man are altered and 

 heightened and made immeasurably more powerful 

 because of a new element in them, an element un- 

 known in the animal and vegetable worlds, the 

 element coming from human consciousness. There 

 is conscious choice on the part of those who impose 

 the factors, and conscious acquiescence on the part 

 of those who accept their imposition. Lord Bryce 

 no doubt had such a consideration in view, when, in 

 a recent speech on the relations between race and 

 history, he suggested that the teaching of history 

 ought to be forbidden. All the most important 

 agencies producing the divergent modification of the 

 nations are human products and can be altered. 



This brings me straight to the most difficult stage 

 of my argument and I must now discuss what is 

 the precise difference between men and animals. 

 I believe that a correct solution of this problem 

 would put out of court for all time any attempt to 

 justify human conduct by referring it to laws that 

 may be supposed to rule the animal and vegetable 

 kingdoms. 



We believe now that the origin and zoological 

 position of man have been estabUshed beyond reason- 

 able doubt. He belongs to the Vertebrata, the 

 thirteenth phylum, or major division, of the Entero- 

 zoic ^letazoa. The vertebrates are divided into five 

 classes, Fishes, Batrachians, Reptiles, Birds and 

 Mammals. Man is a mammal. The mammals are 

 divided into many Orders, and man belongs to the 

 order Primates, which includes two sub-orders, the 

 Prosimiai or Lemurs, and the Anthropoideae, or 



