DAKOTA AND NEBRASKA. 261 



3. Equus principalis. Lund : Ibidem, fig. 1. E. neogmis or M macrognathus. Ger- 

 vais : Eech. Mam. Fos. Am. Mer. pi. vii, figs. 2, 3. 



Fossil equine remains have been found throughout the length and breadth of 

 North America. 



Buckland, in Beechy's Voyage to the Pacific, Aj^pendix, page 595, 1851, and Sir 

 John Richardson, in the Zoology of the Voyage of the Herald, p. 17, 1854, have both 

 described equine remains discovered in association with those of an extinct Elephant, 

 the Moose, the Reindeer, Musk Ox, etc., in the frozen cliffs of Eschscholtz Bay, 

 Arctic America. They are referred to Equus fossUis, — a name applied to the species 

 to which belong the ordinary fossil remains of a Hoi'se found in Europe, by most 

 palaeontologists considered to have been the same as, or at least the progenitor of, the 

 existing Equus cahallus. 



Dr. S. L. Mitchell, in a published Catalogue of Organic Remains presented to the 

 Lyceum of Natural History of New York, pp. 7, 8, 1826, was the first to announce 

 the existence of fossil equine remains in the United States. He indicates the dis- 

 covery of a vertebra and teeth of a Horse in association with remains of Mastodon, 

 etc., from near Neversink Hills, New Jersey. 



Dr. Richard Harlan, in his Medical and Physical Researches, p. 267, 1835, refers 

 to equine remains from the valley of the Ohio or Mississipj)i River, from the excava- 

 tion of the Chesapeake Canal near Georgetown, District of Columbia, from gravel 

 banks on the north branch of the Susquehanna River, and from the shore of Neuse 

 River below Newbern, North Carohna. The fossils are attributed by the author to 

 Equus cahallus. 



Dr. "W. M. Carpenter, in the American Journal of Science, vol. xxxiv, page 201, 

 1838, describes and figures an upper molar tooth, of robust proportions, of a Horse, 

 found with remains of the Mastodon, in the parish of West Feliciana, Louisiana. 



Dr. Dekay, in the Zoology of New York, pt. 1, Mammalia, p. 108, 1842, in speak- 

 ing of fossil equine remains of the United States, remarks that they resemble those of 

 the common Horse, but from their size apparently belonged to a larger animal, and 

 he refers them to an extinct species with the name of Equus major. 



Dr. R. W. Gibbes, in the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advance- 

 ment of Science, page 66, 1850, notices fossil equine teeth from Missouri, South 

 Carolina, Skidaway Island, Georgia, and the Potomac River ; and refers the fossils 

 to Equus curvidens, Owen, E. americanus, Leidy, and to a peculiar species. 



Prof F. S. Holmes, in a pamphlet entitled Remains of Domestic Animals dis- 

 covered among Post-pliocene Fossils in South Carolina, 1858, notices remains, mingled 



