i/iii u'l iH/ y>^ ■ 



130 APPENDIX 



be held at its top by a clamp to prevent rolling over, and the limbs steadied by 50-grm. 

 weights stringed to clips attached one to a single toe of each foot, as for dissection of the 

 dead body. 



As to the operative and instrumental procedure described for the experiments, they are 

 doubtless in various respects rough and imperfect. In extenuation I would say that for 

 student classes one is often led, after trying the more delicate and complex, to revert in some 

 respects to the simpler as in fact really adequate and better suited to the instruction in 

 view. Thus, the membrane blood-pressure recorders I have for all but one exercise 

 discarded in favour of the old mercury manometer. Again, the opening incisions 

 recommended may seem unnecessarily extensive. Experience with students shows, however, 

 that for the less practised hand a free operative room in which to conduct the ultimate 

 steps is a necessary condition of success, at least at a first performance of the exercise. The 

 larger wound of course increases haemorrhage and tends also to greater cooling of the 

 preparation, but the student soon learns to deal promptly with such bleeding as may occur, 

 and after a few reminders acquires the habit of covering exposed tissues on which he is not 

 actually at work with warm swabs wrung out from his saline at 38° C. 



For instruction in the operative procedure it is of considerable assistance to have in the 

 class-room a cat's mounted skeleton. The skeleton is set on a wooden base carrying a 

 strong frame which encloses the skeleton but leaves it free to view on all sides and from 

 above. The frame can be set on its side, or top, or end, and thus the skeleton, when referred 

 to, can be laid in any position corresponding to that of the preparation for the particular 

 operations in view. Instruction in the operations is much assisted by simple diagrams ; 

 those furnished with these pages have served this purpose ; indeed, with these beside them, 

 most students need little further help in the matter of their dissections. 



As books of reference on the anatomy of the cat, Mivart's The Cat, London, 1881, and 

 Eeichard and Jennings, The Anatomy of the Cat, New York, 2nd ed,, 1901, can be recom- 

 mended ; the latter is the more suitable for the student's purpose in this course. Strauss- 

 Durckheim's monumental Anatomic descriptive et comparative du Chat, Paris, 1845, though 

 to be found in most scientific libraries, is rather difficult of access, and its nomenclature of 

 muscles is unusual. The anatomical nomenclature used here in the operative directions for 

 the exercises follows Reichard and Jennings. 



For the operative and instrumental technique of each exercise to be shared fairly between 

 the two students forming a working pair requires a little supervision. As to operative 

 instruments, each student brings two scalpels, one large, one small, two scissors, one large, 

 one small, and two dissection-forceps, one large and one small ('dagger-tipped splinter- 

 forceps'). In addition, there are provided at each working-place, i.e. for each pair of 

 students, for all exercises after exerc. Ill, two pairs of small artery-forceps, eight clip-weights, 

 one hook-weight, and a one-litre enamelled iron mug containing Einger-Locke fluid and 

 some cotton-wool pledgets soaking in it, with a ring-tripod and small ' midget ' Bunsen 

 burner for warming the fluid ; also cotton and thread with a pair of mounted needles bent 

 in the flame for passing thread round vessels and nerves. 



As regards convenient and economical provision of this small armentarium for each 

 working-place the following remarks may be useful. 1. Clip-weights ; these dispense with 

 hand-held retractors during operation, and also serve instead of ties to the table to give and 

 maintain suitable posture to the preparation. They are cheaply and efficiently provided by 



