494 A MANUAL OT ANATOMY 



part of the pelvis to fall backwards. This tendency, however, is counter- 

 acted by the tightening of the capsular ligament in front, and so the erect 

 attitude is maintained without any muscular effort. 



Abduction. — This movement is controlled by the tightening of the pubo- 

 femoral ligament and the lower part of the capsule ; the locking which takes 

 place between the upper border of the neck of the femur and the adjacent 

 margin of the acetabulum ; and the tension of the adductor muscles. 



Adduction. — This movement is controlled by the outer band of the ilio- 

 femoral Ugament and upper part of the capsule, and the lo^dng which takes 

 place between the inner part of the neck of the femur and the anterior margin 

 of the acetabulum. If the hip-joint is flexed adduction is also controlled by 

 the tightening of the ligamentum teres. 



Rotation. — This consists in movement of the femur round its longitudinal 

 axis without much change of position. The axis of rotation is represented 

 by a line passing through the centre of the head of the femur to meet the 

 vertical line of the centre of gravity of the lower limb at a point corresponding 

 with the middle of the intercondylar notch when the knee-joint is extended. 



Rotation may take place outwards or inwards. External rotation is con- 

 trolled by the tightening of the outer band of the ilio-femoral ligament. 

 Internal rotation is checked by the tightening of the ischio-capsular ligament ; 

 by the zona orbicularis ; and by the muscles in contact with the back of the 

 joint. The range of rotation is about 60 degrees, 



Circumduction. — This is a composite movement, consisting of flexion, 

 abduction, extension, and adduction, following each other in rapid succession, 

 the result being that the femur describes a cone, the head of the bone forming 

 the apex and the lower extremity describing the circumference of the base. 



Ligamentum Teres. — This ligament is loose in the state of extension of 

 the hip-joint, but becomes tightened in flexion and adduction. 



Muscles concerned in the Movements — Flexion. — lUo-psoas, rectus femoris, 

 sartorius, pectineus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis, the ilio-psoas 

 being the most powerful flexor. Extension. — Gluteus maximus, biceps femoris 

 by its iscliial head, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and adductor magnus 

 by the fibres which extend from the tuber ischii to the adductor tubercle. 

 Abduction. — Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, gluteus maximus by its upper 

 fibres, tensor fasciae femoris, and sartorius. Adduction. — Adductores gracilis, 

 longus, brevis, et magnus, pectineus, gluteus maximus by its lower fibres, and 

 obturator externus. Internal Rotation. — Gluteus medius by its anterior fibres, 

 gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae femoris, and adductor magnus by the fibres 

 which extend from the tuber ischii to the adductor tubercle. External Rota- 

 tion. — Gluteus maximus by its lower fibres, gluteus medius by its posterior 

 fibres, pyriformis, obturator internus and gemelli, quadratus femoris, pectineus, 

 adductores longus, brevis, et magnus (the latter by the fibres which are 

 inserted into the shaft of the femur), obturator externus, and sartorius. 



Relation of Muscles on the Femoral Aspect of the Body of the Os Pubis. 



Commencing at the symphysis pubis, and passing outwards as far as the 

 inner margin of the obturator foramen, the relation of muscles is as follows : 

 (i) gracilis, (2) adductor brevis, (3) a small portion of the adductor magnus, 

 and (4) obturator externus. 



The adductor longus does not take part in this relation, its origin being 

 at the upper and inner part of the anterior or femoral surface of the body 

 of the OS pubis, from an impression which can be covered with the point of 

 the Uttle finger. 



Relation of Muscles at the Back of the Upper End of the Shaft of the Femur. 



Commencing at the small trochanter, and passing outwards over the back 1 

 of the femur as far as the outer margin of the gluteal ridge, the relation j 

 of muscles is as follows: (i) ilio-psoas, (2) pectineus, (3) adductor brevis, j 



