THE LOWER LIMB 543 



synovial membrane of the knee-joint, as the tendon Ues \\'ithin the 

 joint. It Ues over the lower part of the outer aspect of the external 

 condyle of the femur, and it accompanies the tendon as the latter 

 passes beneath the long external lateral ligament. This bursa may 

 communicate with the superior tibio-fibular joint. 



The bursa of the semimembranosus tendon Ues between the chief 

 tendon of insertion of that muscle and the upper lip of the horizontal 

 groove on the posterior surface of the internal tuberosity of the 

 tibia. This bursa has no communication with the synovial cavity 

 of the knee-joint. 



The mesial gastrocnemial bursa, of small size, is situated between 

 the inner head of the gastrocnemius and the posterior surface of the 

 femur, just above the inner condyle. 



The lateral gastrocnemial bursa is situated between the outer 

 head of the gastrocnemius and the adjacent part of the capsule of 

 the knee-joint at its posterior and outer part, just above the external 

 condyle. The two gastrocnemial bursae, being so close to the knee- 

 joint, may communicate with its synovial cavity. 



The bicipital bursa invests the long external lateral Ugament of 

 the knee-joint as that Ugament passes through the tendon of inser- 

 tion of the biceps femoris muscle. It lies close above the outer 

 aspect of the head of the fibula, and it has no conmiunication with 

 the synovial cavity of the knee-joint. 



SOLE OF THE FOOT. 



Landmarks. — Along the inner border of the foot there are several 

 important bony landmarks which can be made out without much 

 difficulty. The internal maUeolus is a good starting-point. One 

 inch below this projection the sustentaculum tali of the os calcis 

 can be felt, and a little in front of it is the tuberosity of the navicular 

 or scaphoid bone. The navicular tuberosity is situated about 

 1 1 inches in front of the internal malleolus, and on a lower level. 

 The recess between the sustentaculum tali and the navicular 

 tuberosity is bridged over by the spring ligament and the tendon 

 of the tibiaUs posticus, the latter being the more superficial. 

 Immediately in front of the navicular tuberosity the eminence 

 on the plantar surface of the internal cvmeiform bone may be felt, 

 and anterior to it is the tuberosity on the plantar aspect of the 

 proximal end of the first metatarsal bone. Along the outer border 

 two projections can be felt, namely, the external malleolus and 

 the tuberosity on the outer side of the proximal end of the fifth 

 metatarsal bone. 



The guide to the astragalo-navicular joint on the inner side of 

 the foot is the tuberosity of the navicular bone, the joint being 

 situated immediately behind that tuberosity. The guide to the 

 calcaneo-cuboid joint on the outer side of the foot is a point midway 



