566 A MANUAL OF ANATOMY 



the leg, so that the person walks upon the outer border of the foot. The chief 

 tendons involved are those of the tibialis anticus and tibialis posticus. 



Talipes Equino-varus. — This is a combination of talipes equinus and talipes 

 varus, the heel being raised as well as the inner border of the foot. The 

 chief tendons involved are as follows : (i) tibialis posticus, (2) tibialis anticus, 

 (3) tendo Achillis, and (4) plantaris. In addition to these tendons the 

 abductor hallucis and the plantar fascia are usually implicated. 



Talipes Valgus. — In this variety the outer border of the foot is raised so as 

 to evert the sole, and the person walks upon the inner bdrder of the foot. 

 The tendons involved are those of the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis. 



Talipes Calcaneus. — In this variety the foot is flexed upon the leg, the toes 

 being raised, so that the person walks upon the heel. The tendons involved 

 are as follows : (i) extensor longus digitorum, (2) peroneus tertius, (3) extensor 

 proprius hallucis, and (4) tibialis anticus. 



Talipes Calcaneo-valgus. — This is a combination of talipes calcaneus and 

 talipes valgus, the foot being flexed and the outer border of the foot raised. 

 The tendons involved are those which are implicated in talipes calcaneus and 

 talipes valgus. 



Summary of the Veins of the Lower Limb. 



The veins of the lower limb are divided into two groups — superficial and 

 deep. 



Superficial Veins. — In the sole of the foot there are (i) a plantar sub- 

 cutaneous plexus, and (2) a transverse venous arch situated near the clefts 

 of the toes, which receives the plantar digital veins. The blood is carried 

 away from the plantar subcutaneous plexus by anterior and lateral efferent 

 vessels. The anterior efferent vessels terminate in the transverse venous 

 arch near the clefts of the toes. The lateral efferent vessels turn round the 

 outer and inner borders of the foot, the external set terminating in the short 

 saphenous vein, and the internal set in the long saphenous vein, where these 

 vessels spring from the dorsal venous arch. The blood is conveyed away from 

 the transverse venous arch by means of efferent veins, called interdigital, 

 which pass upwards to the dorsum of the foot, where they terminate in the 

 dorsal venous arch. 



The dorsal venous arch is situated well forward upon the dorsum of the 

 foot, being about 2 inches from the webs of the toes. It receives (i) the 

 dorsal digital veins, (2) small veins from the dorsum of the foot, and (3) the 

 efferent interdigital veins from the plantar transverse venous arch. Tiie 

 blood is carried away from the dorsal venous arch by the long and short saphe- 

 nous veins. The long saphenous vein arises from the inner end of the arch, 

 and, having received branches from the plantar subcutaneous venous plexus, 

 passes in front of the internal malleolus, and thus reaches the inner side of 

 the leg. Its subsequent course is upwards along the inner side of the leg, 

 knee, and thigh, and finally, having reached the front of the thigh, it passes 

 through the saphenous opening i^ inches below Poupart's ligament, and ter- 

 minates in the femoral vein. It receives many tributaries in its course ; 

 in the leg it communicates at frequent intervals with the venae comites of 

 the anterior and posterior tibial arteries by intermuscular branches ; and 

 near its termination it is reinforced by the posterior saphenous, anterior 

 saphenous, superficial circumflex iliac, superficial epigastric, and superior 

 and inferior external pudic veins. The short saphenous vein arises from the 

 outer end of the dorsal venous arch, and, having received branches from the 

 plantar subcutaneous venous plexus, it passes below and behind the external 

 malleolus, and thus reaches the back of the leg. It then passes upwards and 

 inwards, and subsequently straight upwards until it arrives at the interval 

 between the condyles of the femur. Here it passes through an aperture in 

 the fascia lata, and terminates in the jjopliteal vein. It receives many 

 tributaries from the calcaneal region and the outer and back parts of the 

 lo^ ; it communicates at intervals with the ven;c comites of the posterior tibial 



