I070 A MANUAL OF ANATOMY 



terior auricular branch of the facial nerve, and the frontalis muscle 

 is supplied by the temporal branches of the tempore -facial division 

 of the facial nerve. 



Action. — ^The two bellies of the occipitalis draw backwards the 

 epicranial aponeurosis, and along with it the scalp. The two 

 halves of the frontalis, acting from below, draw forwards the epi- 

 cranial aponeurosis, and along with it the scalp. Acting from 

 above they elevate the eyebrows, and throw the skin of the frontal 

 region into transverse wrinkles. When the occipitalis and frontalis 

 act simultaneously the scalp is drawn backwards, and the eye- 

 brows are forcibly raised. When the two muscles act alternately 

 the scalp is drawn backwards and forwards. 



Pericranium. — ^This is the periosteum of the cranium, and it is 

 loosely connected by areolar tissue to the superjacent epicranial 

 aponeurosis. 



Temporal Region — Nerves. — ^These are as follows : (i) the tem- 

 poral branches of the tempo ro- facial division of the facial nerve ; 

 (2) the auriculo-temporal nerve ; and (3) the temporal branch of 

 the orbital or temporo-malar nerve. 



The temporal branches of the temporo-facial division of the 

 facial nerve pass upwards a little in front of the auricle, and supply 

 the following muscles : the frontalis, upper part of the orbicu- 

 laris palpebrarum, corrugator supercilii, attollens auriculam, and 

 attrahens auriculam. They communicate with the auriculo-tem- 

 poral, temporal branch of the orbital, and supra-orbital nerves. 



The auriculo-temporal nerve is a branch of the posterior division 

 of the inferior maxillary nerve, which is the third division of the 

 fifth cranial nerve. It emerges from the upper part of the parotid 

 gland, and ascends immediately in front of the auricle, in company 

 with the superficial temporal artery, lying between that vessel and 

 the auricle. 



Branches. — In this part of its course the nerve furnishes the 

 following branches : (i) two meatal branches to the meatus audi- 

 torius externus, which enter the canal between its osseous and 

 cartilaginous walls, and supply the integument of the meatus, the 

 upper of the two branches giving an offset to the membrana tympani : 



(2) two anterior auricular branches, which supply the skin of the 

 tragus and outer aspect of the auricle over its upper half ; and 



(3) temporal branches, which supply the integument above and in 

 front of the auricle, and of the temporal region generally. 



The temporal branch of the orbital or temporo-malar nerve from 

 the superior maxillary is of small size, and pierces the temporal 

 fascia about i inch above the anterior part of the zygoma, and close 

 behind the marginal process of the malar bone. Having communi- 

 cated with one of the temporal branches of the facial nerve, it has 

 a limited distribution to the integument of the anterior part of the 

 temporal region. 



The superficial temporal artery is one of the terminal branches of 

 the external carotid artery, from which it arises within the parotid 

 gland on a level with the neck of the lower jaw. Emerging from the 



