1238 A MANUAL OF ANATOMY 



The cheeks are covered externally by skin, and internally are 

 lined with mucous membrane. The muscular element consists of 

 the buccinator, which is covered by the buccal fascia. Posteriorly 

 this fascia is continuous with the pharyngeal fascia, Which is 

 derived from the deep cervical fascia, the two being known as the 

 bucco-pharyngeal fascia. Superiorly and interiorly it is attached 

 to the dental arches. 



The lymphatic vessels of the cheek pass to (i) the superficial 

 parotid or pre-auricular lymphatic glands, and (2) the submaxillary 

 lymphatic glands, the buccal lymphatic glands being a gland-station 

 in the path of the latter. 



The buccal pad of fat is situated upon the buccal fascia, and is 

 Well developed in young children. It is of soft consistence, and is 

 continuous With the fat beneath the temporal muscle under cover 

 of the ramus of the lower jaW. 



The buccal fascia, buccinator, and lining mucous membrane are 

 pierced by Stensen's duct. Between the buccinator and the mucous 

 membrane there are several racemose buccal glands. In addition to 

 these there are three or four molar glands, mucous in character, 

 which are situated superficial to the buccal fascia in the angle 

 between the masseter and buccinator. 



The masseteric fascia is an upward prolongation of the deep 

 cervical fascia. It is attached superiorly to the zygoma, and 

 externally is continuous with the parotid fascia. 



The dental arches are formed by the alveolar borders of the 

 superior and inferior maxillae, the teeth, and the gums. 



The gums (gingivae) consist of dense fibrous tissue, which is 

 covered by mucous membrane and is closely connected with the 

 periosteum of the alveolar borders of the superior and inferior 

 maxillae. The mucous membrane, which is very vascular, is con- 

 tinuous with the labial and buccal mucous membrane on the one 

 hand, and with that of the floor of the mouth on the other. Close 

 to the necks of the teeth it is beset with vascular papillae. 



The lymphatic vessels of the upper gum pass, on either side, to the 

 submaxillary lymphatic glands. The lymphatic vessels of the 

 lateral portion of the lower gum also pass, on either side, to the sub- 

 maxillary lymphatic glands ; and those of the mesial portion pass to 

 the submental or suprahyoid gland of the corresponding side. 



The mucous membrane of the gums is separated from the subjacent 

 periosteum by dense connective tissue, which connects the two in 

 such a close manner that the mucous membrane is immovable. 

 Close to the necks of the teeth it is beset with papillae. The mucous 

 membrane of the hard palate, like that of the gums, is separated 

 from the periosteum by a thick layer of dense connective tissue, 

 which binds the two so closely that the mucous membrane is 

 immovable. It presents a median raphe, which is continued over 

 the soft palate, and ends in front at the anterior palatine fossa in 

 a small papillary elevation, knoWn as the incisor papilla. On either 

 side of the raphe anteriorly there are a few transverse rugae. Each 

 lateral half of the hard palate is traversed by the ramifications of 



