THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM. 



[The parts of the surface of bones unprovided with periosteum 

 are: 1. The articular extremities covered with cartilage, and 

 all other places where the bone is covered with cartilage or 

 fibro- cartilage. 2. Where ligaments and tendons arc attached 

 to the borders and surfaces of bones at a certain angle, as, for 

 instance, at the insertions of the ligamentaflava, intervertebral} a, 

 it/osacra, interossea, teres ossis femoris, patella, &c. of the 

 tendons of the deltoid, coracobrachial, popliteus, iliopsoas, 

 triceps sura, quadriceps femoris, glutai, &c. In all these 

 situations, the tendons, ligaments, and cartilages, are attached 

 directly to the bone, as has been already in part described, and 

 not a trace of periosteum can be detected.] 



§ 93. 



Marrow of the Bones. — Almost all the larger cavities in the 

 bones are occupied by a soft, transparent, yellowish or reddish, 

 highly vascular substance, the Marrow (medulla ossium). In the 

 cylindrical bones, this substance is found in the medullary 

 canal, and in the cancelli of the apophyses, whilst it is wanting 

 in the compact substance, unless it be in the larger canals; the 

 same is the case in the flat and short bones, the cancelli of 

 which are filled with marrow ; but the diploe of the flat 

 cranial bones, besides the marrow, also contains large veins, of 

 which more will be said afterwards. In accordance with what 

 has been remarked, these venous spaces, the canales nutril/i, 

 Haversian canals, and the above-described nerve-canals and air- 

 cavities of the bones, contain no marrow. 



The marrow appears in two forms, one yellow, the other red. 

 The former, as a semifluid substance, occurs principally in the 

 long bones ; and according to Berzelius, consists, in the 

 humerus of the Ox, of 960 fat, 1*0 connective tissue and ves- 

 sels, and 3*0 fluid with extractive matter, such as is found in 

 muscle ; whilst the latter occurs in the apophyses, flat and short 

 bones, above all in the bodies of the vertebra, the basis cranii, 

 the sternum, &c, and is distinguished not only by its reddish 

 or red colour and less consistence, but also by its chemical 

 composition ; for, according to Berzelius, this substance, in the 

 d'iploe, contains 75 - water, 25*0 solid matters, such as albumen, 

 fibrin, extractive matter, and salts, similar to those of muscle, 

 and merely traces of fat. With respect to its structure, it 



