THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM. 3G7 



tions where tendons and ligaments, without the intervention of 

 periosteum, are directly implanted into it — has not yet been 

 made out. From the circumstance, that in the adult, in many 

 of these situations, true cartilage-cells occur among the 

 tendinous fibres, and also, that their passage into bone-cells 

 may very clearly be observed, it might perhaps be concluded 

 that a similar process may take place at an earlier period also. 

 In fact, I have seen, even in young individuals, at the points of 

 insertion of many tendons and ligaments (tendo Achillis, Vkj. 

 calcaneo-cuboideum, aponeurosis plant oris, fyc.) into the bone, 

 cartilage-cells, and their metamorphosis into bone-cells. Very 

 frequently, also, tendons and ligaments are attached to portions 

 of the bone which remain long in the cartilaginous condition, 

 epiphyses, tuberositas calcanei, fyc, and the growth of these 

 parts of course, is simply to be referred to the cartilage. 



[The formation of bone on the inner aspect of the periosteum 

 is a fact long well known, although it has, hitherto, generally 

 been thought, that in this situation also, it was preceded by a 

 thin cartilaginous layer, until the contrary was shown by 

 Sharpey and myself. Since the discovery by Duhamel 

 (' Memoires de l'Academie de Paris/ i742, p. 384, and 1743, 

 p. 138), that the bones of animals fed upon madder are coloured 

 red, a great number of experiments have been made with that 

 substance, especially by Flourens, in growing animals ; it being 

 at first believed, that it only coloured those parts of the bones 

 which were formed after its administration. This method, 

 however, has lost a good deal of its value since it has been 

 shown by Rutherford (in ' Roberti Blake, Hiberni, Dissert, 

 inaugural, med. de dentium formatione et structura, in homine 

 et in variis animalibus/ Edinb. 1780), Gibson ( f Memoirs of the 

 Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester/ 2d series, 

 vol. I, p. 146), Bibra (1. c), Brulle and Hugueny (1. c.), that 

 when animals are fed upon madder, the whole of the growing 

 bones, as well as the bones of adult animals, become coloured, 

 and especially so wherever they are in more immediate con- 

 nexion with the blood-vessels ; for even the medulla is coloured 

 (Bibra). For which reason also, the innermost layers of the 

 Haversian canals, the periosteal surfaces, and the vascular, young 

 bone-substance, acquire a deeper colour. There are, however, 



