EXERCISE 11 

 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFT WOODS 



Materials. Boards, blocks, and sections of gymnosperm woods, 

 such as pine, cedar, hemlock, redwood, fir, spruce, and cypress. 



Directions for work. Study as directed in Exercise 10. In 

 addition, note character of wood in relation to presence of pores. 

 If possible, examine thin cross sections with a microscope. Dis- 

 cuss the differences between the wood of angiosperms and that 

 of gymnosperms (so-called hard woods and soft woods). 



References 



BERGEN and CALDWELL. Practical Botany, chap. xxii. 



BERGEN and CALDWELL. Introduction to Botany, chap. viii. 



HALL and MAXWELL. " Uses of Commercial Woods of the United 



States : I. Cedars, Cypresses, and Sequoias," Bulletin No. 95, Forest 



Service, U. S. Dept. Agr. 

 HALL and MAXWELL. "Uses of Commercial Woods of the United 



States : II. Pines," Bulletin No. 99, Forest Service, U. S. Dept. Agr. 

 CLINE and KNAPP. "Properties and Uses of Douglas Fir," Bulletin 



No. 88, Forest Service, U. S. Dept. Agr. 



