with problems regarding the activities of plants as living things. 

 Questions regarding structure naturally arise in consequence of 

 the study of function, and structures are studied at the time 

 when, and in so far as, they contribute to an understanding of 

 the life activities of plants. The primary sequence of topics is 

 physiological rather than anatomical. 



A textbook should be used throughout the course, and refer- 

 ences to the two books by Bergen and Caldwell are provided. 

 Discussions, and to a considerable extent the names of structures, 

 should be secured from the textbook, which should be used as 

 a reference book in connection with the laboratory manual. 



The author has sought to make the directions to pupils as 

 detailed as possible without destroying opportunity for initiative 

 on the part of the pupil or solving his problems for him. The 

 study or experimentation called for in each case should put a 

 pupil in possession of the facts upon which he may base his con- 

 clusion. The pupil should be allowed to think the matter through 

 to a conclusion, even if his conclusions are sometimes in error. 



Printed directions do not make a teacher unnecessary. The 

 teacher should require dependence upon the outlines- for all 

 information furnished therein, refusing to answer questions when 

 the guidance sought is contained in the printed directions, in 

 order that his time may be reserved for the more important 

 phases of teaching. There rests with the teacher the responsi- 

 bility for calling attention to errors of technique, guiding the 

 thinking of those who need assistance, presiding over the gen- 

 eral discussions in which the class compares results and detects 

 errors of fact or reasoning, and finally checking up the whole 

 matter by examination of notes and drawings. 



A record of all laboratory work should be kept by each pupil. 

 Memoranda should be made during the progress of an experi- 

 ment, and these should serve as the basis of detailed notes which 

 should be written immediately at the close of the exercise. The 

 general character of the notes is discussed in connection with 

 the directions for work in the first few exercises. However, no 

 printed suggestions to pupils will secure good notes ; the respon- 

 sibility rests with the teacher. Few pupils will write good notes 



[iv] 



