EXERCISE 103 

 THE GYMNOSPERM GROUP 



Materials. Collect branches, with fruit if possible, of any needle- 

 leaved evergreen trees in your vicinity. 



Directions for work. Describe each of the kinds found, being 

 careful to state clearly the characteristics which distinguish each. 



Describe the group as a whole, emphasizing the character- 

 istics which are common to all the gymnosperms you know. 



The gymnosperms which are native to the United States may 

 be readily identified by the use of the books listed under Books 

 for Identification below. 



References 



BERGEN and CALDWELL. Practical Botany, chap, xviii. 

 BERGEN and CALDWELL. Introduction to Botany, pp. 282-296. 



Books for Identification 



BRITTON and BROWN. Illustrated Flora of the Northern States and 



Canada. Charles Scribner's Sons. 

 CHAPMAN. Flora of the Southern United States. American Book 



Company. 

 COULTER and NELSON. Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany. 



American Book Company. 

 GRAY. New Manual of Botany, 7th edition. American Book 



Company. 

 HOUGH. Handbook of the Trees of the Northern States and Canada. 



Published by the author. 

 PIPER and BEATTY. Flora of the Northwest Coast. State College 



of Washington. 



RYDBERG. Flora of Colorado. Bulletin No. 100, Colo. Agr. Exp. Sta. 

 SUDWORTH. " Trees of the Pacific Slope." Forest Service, U. S. 



Dept. Agr. 



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