DUODENAL DIABETES 251 



growing therefrom has proved practically fruitless, and was 

 basically altogether superfluous as the above stated observa- 

 tions of Minkowski and his numberless followers 8 permitted 

 but one interpretation. But it served to show again that 

 if a single bit of pancreas completely detached from its nerv- 

 ous comunications be left it will suffice to prevent the appear- 

 ance of glycosuria. The whole duodenum can be excised 

 from a dog, as Minkowski had already shown, without pro- 

 ducing diabetes, provided a portion of the pancreas has been 

 transplanted under the skin ; but if the latter at a later time 

 be removed from the animal the diabetes promptly sets in. 

 Strictly speaking nothing at all has been gained in this whole 

 campaign fought with an array of heavy artillery of au- 

 thority and between strategists of note, except the reestab- 

 lishment of a fact that has been known long before, that of 

 the influence of nervous irritations of all sorts (corrosion of 

 the duodenum or ileum, injection of nicotine into the stomach, 

 chilling) to cause the liver to discharge its supply of carbo- 

 hydrate and sometimes give rise to glycosuria. 9 



We know conclusively that pancreatic diabetes is possible 

 not only in many mammalia, but also in birds, turtles, frogs 

 and fishes, and that in those instances in which a true 

 glycosuria has not been found (as in many birds and in 

 sharks) there may be noted at least a distinct hyper- 

 glycaemia. 10 We may apparently, therefore, regard the 



8 Lupine, H6don, Gley, Thiroloix, Caparelli, Harley, Schabad, Cavazzani, 

 S'andmeyer, Selig, Rumbolt and others; cf. Literature in A. Biedl, 1. c.; also 

 E. HMon, Jour, de Physiol., 14, 907, 1912. 



9 E. Pfliiger, Pfliiger's Arch., 106, 181, 1905; 118, 265, 267, 1907; 119, 227, 

 297, 1907; 122, 267, 1908; 123, 323, 1908; 124, 1, 529, 632, 1908; 128, 125, 

 1909; R. Gaultier, C. R. Soc. de Biol., 64, 826, 1908; A. Herlitzka, Pfluger's 

 Arch., 123, 331, 1908; M. Lowit, Arch. f. exper. Pathol., 62, 47, 1908; U. Lom- 

 broso, Arch, di Farmac., 9, 146, cited in Jahresber. f. Tierchem., 40, 811, 1910; 

 O. Minkowski, Arch. f. exper. Pathol., 58, 271, 1908; S. Rosenberg (N. Zuntz's 

 Lab.), Biochem. Zeitschr., 18, 956, 1909; Pfluger's Arch., 12, 358, 1909; 

 H. Eichler and H. Silbergleit, Berliner klin. Woohenschr., 1908, 1172; 

 W. Tscherniachowski, Zeitschr. f. Biol., 53, 1, 1909; A. Visintini (Pavia), Med. 

 Klin., 1908, 1613; E. Zack, Wiener klin. Wochenschr., 1908, 82. 



