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The six remaining strata are all similar to each other, consisting 

 of tabular basalt, but differing in thickness; and being separated only 

 by thin ochreous layers, the division is not always discernible. 



From a revision of the various circumstances observable in these 

 strata, Dr. Richardson selects certain facts which he considers of im- 

 portance to geology. First, that every stratum preserves the same 

 thickness throughout its whole extent. Secondly, that this uni- 

 formity of thickness is interrupted only where the upper surface 

 has been exposed by removal of the superior strata. Thirdly, that 

 the curvature of the summits of the facades does not correspond in 

 form to the surfaces of the strata underneath. Fourthly, that the 

 same arrangement does not continue for more than two or three 

 miles. Fifthly, that wherever materials of different species are in 

 contact, the line of demarcation is always distinct and well denned. 

 Sixthly, that the upper part of any facades, where the strata are ex- 

 posed, is generally perpendicular, and the lower steep and precipitous. 

 Seventhly, that the rude masses which appear in the sea at the 

 base of the precipices, are not, as has been supposed, ruins which 

 have fallen from the strata above, but are remnants of lower strata 

 remaining in their original position. Eighthly, that these abrupt sec- 

 tions are by no means confined to the coast, but are often formed on 

 the ridges of the hills, at a distance from the sea. Ninthly, that in 

 all such abrupt terminations of strata, whether on the coast or within 

 land, the materials broken off are completely carried away, without 

 a fragment being left behind. 



The formation of these abrupt precipices has been, by some, as- 

 cribed to the action of the sea : but it is only by careless observers, 

 in Dr. Richardson's estimation, that such an hypothesis can be ad- 

 mitted ; since even here the base of that part, which is perpendicular, 

 is elevated 200 or 300 feet above the level of the sea ; and the bases 

 of others are no less than at 1400 feet elevation, and at the distance 

 of four miles from the sea at Magilligan, of thirteen at Bienbraddock, 

 and seventeen miles at Monyneeny. 



The exact resemblance between the inland facades and those on 

 the shore, proves them all to have been cut down perpendicularly by 

 the same agent, which has not confined its operations to the coast, or 

 to the periphery of the basaltic area. We can trace it, says the 

 author, over its whole surface. 



Some persons have maintained that the inequalities are those of 

 original conformation ; as if the world had come from the hands of 

 the Creator with all the varieties which now contribute so much to 

 its beauty. 



Others, admitting the original continuity of the strata, and their 

 subsequent abruption, have differed concerning the direction in which 

 the cause has acted ; some preferring the milder and more gradual 

 operation of waters from above the surface, which, according to 

 Dr. Richardson, rather tend to level than to raise inequalities ; while 

 others conceive the highest mountains to have been blown up from 

 the bottom of the sea by furious explosions, which, in the author's 



