■^^12 TESTtrDnriD^. 



pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch ; alveolar sur- 

 faces without median ridge; choanae between the eyes. Upper 

 surface of head covered with undivided skin. Digits webbed. Tail 

 moderate in the adult, long in the young. 



Europe, North-west Africa, Western Asia, Eastern North 

 America. 



1. Emys orhicularis. 



Testudo orbicularis, Ltn7i. S. N. i. p. 351 (17GG). 



europjea, Schneid. Schildkr. p. ;52;3 (1783) ; Schoepf, Testttd. p. 1, 



pi. i. (1792); Shaw, Zool. ill. p. 30, pi. v. (1802) ; Bojanus,Anat. 



Test. Eur. (1819). 

 luturia {non L.), Schneid. I. c. p. 3-38; Baud. Rept. ii. p. 115 



(1802). 



meleagris, Shatv, Nat. Misc. iv. pi. cxhv. (1790). 



pulchella, Schoe/yff, I. c. p. 113, pi. xxvi. 



tiava, Daud. I. c. p. 107. 



Emvs lutaria, Schweicjg. Prodr. p. 35 (1814) ; Gravenh. Delic. Mtts. 



Zool. Vratisl. p. 11, pi. iii. (1829); Bonap. Faun. Ital. (1834); 



Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Mosamh. pl.xi. (1851); De Betta, Erp. Veron. 



p. 101 (1857); Strauch, Chelon. Sttid. p. 101 (18G2), and Verth. 



Schildkr. p. 49 (18G5). 

 europsea, Schiveiqg. I. c. p. 36 ; Brandt (§• Ratzeh. Med. Zool. i. 



p. 182, pi. xxi. (1829) ; Schidz, Faun. March, p. 442 (1845). 



pulchella, Merr. Tent. p. 25 (1820) ; Gravenh. I. c. p. 14, pi. iv. 



Terrapene europsea. Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 308 (1826). 



Cistudo europaia, Graii, Syn. Bept. p. 19 (1831) ; Bihron ^ Bory, 



Exped. Sc. Moree, iii. p. Gl, pi. ix. fig. 1 (1833) ; Dum. Sf Bihr. ii. 



p. 220 (1835) ; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 31 (1844) ; Fatio, Vert. Suisse, 



iii. p. 35 (1872) ; De Betta, Faun. Ital, Rett. Anf. p. 13 (1874) ; 



Lataste, Ilerp. Gir. p. 36 (1S7G). 



hellenica {Val), Bihr. ^- Bory, I. c. pi. yiii. (1832 ?). 



Lutremys europsea, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 40 (1855) ; Lortet, 



Arch. Mus. Lyon, iv. p. 15, pi. vi. (1887 . 

 Cistudo lutaria, Strauch, Erp. Ahj. p. 17 (1862) ; Schreib. Herp. Eur. 



p. 537 (1875). 

 Emys orbicularis, Blanf. Zool. E. Persia, p. 308 (1876) ; Bouleng. 



IVoc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 555, pi. 1. tig. 2. 



References to Fossil remains : — 



Emys turfa, H. v. Meyer, N. Jahrb. f. Min. 1835, p. 67, and Mus. 



Senckenh. ii. p. 60 (1837). _ 

 lutaria, var. borealis, Nilsson, Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl.f. 1839, p. 194, 



pis. iii. & iv. (1841). 

 lutaria, Steenstr. Overs. Vid. Selsk. Forh. 1848, p. 74, and 1855, 



p. 1 ; yi. Newton, Ann. ^- Mat/. N. If. (3) x. p. 224, pis. vi., vii. 



(1862) ; E. T. Newton, Geol. May. (2) vi. p. 304, pi. viii. (1879) ; 



II. B. Woodward, Tr. Norf. ^- Norw. Nat. Soc. iii. p. 36 (1880). 

 Cistudo europaja, Riitim. Mikh. Antiq. Ges. Ziirich, xiii. p. 41 (1860). 

 Emys europtea, Jiiger, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, 1861, p. 190; II. v. 



Meyer, Palceontogr. xv. p. 208, pi. xxxv. (1867) ; Sordelli, Atti Soc. 



Ital. Sc. Nat. xv. p. 152, pi. iii. (1872). 

 Lutremys europtea, Portis, Boll. Comit. Geol. Ital. 1887, p. 50. 



Carapace a short oval, broadest posteriorly, its width more than 



