HOLOTHURIOIDEA. 



15 



Scytodermata, Burmeister, Hdbuch. Natvrg. (1837) p. 469 (pars) 



Leuckart, Morphol. icirbellos. Thieve, (1848) p. 43. 

 Cirrho-Vermigrada or Holothuriadae, Forbes, Brit. Star/. (1840) p. xv. 

 Ascidiastella, Austin, Ann. ty Mag. x. (1842) p. 111. 

 Holothuriacea, Dub. $ Kor. Vet. Akad. Hdlg. 1844 (1846) p. 286. 

 Holothurida, Gray, Brit. Bad. (1848) p. 7. 

 Holotburioidea, Siebold, Lehrb. veryl. Anat. (1848) p. 75 ; Corns, 



Prodr. Faun. med. (1884) p. 104; Lampert, Seewalzen, (1885) p. 3; 



Theel, Chall. Rep. Hoi, (1886) p. 1 ; Ludwig, Klass. u. Ordn. (1889) 



p. 1 ; Herouard, Arch. Zool. exper. vii. (1889) p. 535 ; Bell. Ann. 8f 



Mag. viii. (1891) p. 207. 

 Holotliurina, Perty, Zoologie, (1855) p. o34. 

 Scytactinota, Bronn, Klass. u. Ordn. ii. (1860) p. 368. 

 Holothurien, Selenka. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xvii. (1887) p. 291 : Semper, 



Hoi. Phil. (1868) p. 1. 



The Holothurioidea are non-caliculate, anactinogonidial apelma- 

 tozoic Echinoderms, in which the skeletal system is spicular or 

 irregular ; the musculature of the body-wall is well developed, and 

 the mouth is surrounded by a circlet of never very numerous 

 tentacles which communicate with the water-vascular system, which 

 is or is not provided with podia. The mouth and anus are at or 

 near the opposite ends of a generally elongated body. A few are 

 hermaphrodite, and a few have been found in brackish water. 



Order 1. APNEUMONA. 



Apodes (pars), Brandt, Prodr. descr. (1835) p. 58. 



Apoda, Kor. $ Ban. Vet. Akad. Hdlg. 1844 (1846) p. 322 ; Lampert, 



Seewalzen, (1885) p. 203 ; Theel, Chall, Rep. (1886) p. 9. 

 Apodia (pars), Bronn, Klass. u. Ordn. (1860) p. 403. 

 l ,e Tribu, Synaptiens, Duj. $ Hap. Echin. (1862) p. 614. 

 Apneumona Apoda (pars), Caras, Zoologie, ii. (1863) p. 494. 

 Paractinopoda, Ludwig, Klass. u. Ordn. (1891) p. 326. 



Holothurioidea without podia or respiratory trees. 

 Family SYNAPTID^E. 



JSeap. vii. (loe/j pp. 



p. 356. 

 Apneumones-f-Chiridota, Brandt, Prod, descr. Anim. (1835) pp. 58, 



59. 

 Chiridoten, Grube, Actin. etc. Mittelm. (1840) p. 41. 



Apodal Holothurians with pinnate or digitate tentacles, not fewer 

 than ten or more than thirty ; cylindrical worm-like bodies ; the 

 mesenteries bear ciliated infundibula : the sexes are often united ; 

 the tegumentary deposits characterized by the presence of anchors 

 or wheels. 



One British genus : Synapta. 



