ASTEEIAS. 101 



Arch. Zool. e.rpcr. iv. (1875) p. 311 ; Bell, Ann. $ Mag. vii. (1891) 



p. 469, pi. xiv. 

 Asterias clathrata, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. (1777) p. 51. 

 Asterias glacialis, id. (not Linn.) t. c. p. 51; Flem. Brit. An. (1828) 



p. 487. 

 Asterias holsatica, Betz. Diss. Spec. Ast. (1805) p. 22. 

 Asterias minuta, id. t. c. p. 24. 

 Asteracanthion rubens, M. Tr. Si/st. Ast. (1842) pp. 17 & 126 ; 



Dub. # Kor. Vct.-Ak. Hdlg. 1844 (1846), p. 241 ; Sars, Norg. 



Ech. (1861) p. 87; Dvj.fyHup. Ech. (1862) p. 331; Fischer, 



Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xxvii. (1869) p. o64; Jarzynsky, Trans. 



Pefersb. Soc. Nat. i. (1870) p. 318 ; Greef, SB. Ges. Marburg, 1871, 



p. 62; Moeb. &• Biitschli (pars), JB. Comm. Kiel, ii. & iii. (1875) 



p. 147. 

 Uraster rubens, Forbes, Brit. Star/. (1840) p. 83 ; Thompson, Nat. 



Llist. Irel. iv. (1856) p. 439. 

 Asterias violacea, O. F. Mull. Zool. Dan. ii. (1788) p. 7, pi. xlvi. ; 



L. ed. Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1789) p. 3163; Lamk. An. s. Vert. ed. ii. 



t. iii. (1840) p.' 256 ; Gray, Brit. Bad. (1848) p. 17 ; Norm. Ann. $■ 



Mag. xv. (1863) p. 128; Pen: Arch. Zool. iv. (1875) p. 313. 

 Asteracanthion violaceus, M. Tr. Syst. Ast. (1842) pp. 16 & 126 ; 



Duj. ty Hup. Ech. (1862) p. 332 ; Fischer, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 



xxvii. (1869) p. 365. 

 Uraster violacea, Forbes, Brit. Star/. (1840) p. 91 ; Thompson, Nat. 



Hist. Irel. iv. (1856) p. 439. 

 (?) Asterias belgolandica, Ehrenberg, Phys. Abhand. Ak. Berl. 1835 



(1837), p. 212. 



Pt = 7 r to E = 4 r. 



Arms generally five, rather stout, rounded, tapering very 

 gradually, but not very narrow even at tip *, sometimes quite 

 broad there. Dorsal surface covered with spines, subequal, 

 generally of moderate size, closely packed, moderately numerous or 

 sparse, in form they are pointed or more or less or quite blunt at 

 their tips ; a single, often more prominent row, which is either 

 nearly straight or slightly zigzag, and then appearing at times to be 

 double, runs along the middle of the back of each arm. Ambulacra 

 wide, bordered by two rows of spines, the inner the thinner. A 

 rather well-marked groove separates the outer adambulacral row 

 from the next, which, with another, form a pretty regular series 

 along either side of the lower surface of each arm ; the outer of 

 these has groups of two or three spines set a little obliquely to 

 the long axis of the arm. Further out there is a wider groove and 

 at the infero-lateral edge of the arm there is an irregularly double 

 row of spines, which are often the strongest and best developed of 

 any on the body ; sometimes, however, the ventral spines are as 

 strong or stronger. Madreporite generally quite distinct, near the 

 margin of the disk, rather coarsely striate. A circlet of minor 

 pedicellarise at the base of the spines ; major pedicellaria> scat- 

 tered over the arms, varying somewhat in the number to which 

 they are developed. 



* Except in A. rubens var. attemiata. 



