1 -tO ECHINOHXEA. 



Leiocidaris papillata, Duj. § Hup. Ech. (1602) p. 485 ; Perr. Ann. 



Sci. Nat. xiii. (1870) p. 24. 

 Ortbocidaris papillata, A. Ag. Bull. Mus. C. Z. i. (1863) p. 17. 

 Dorocidaris papillata, A. Ay. Rev. Ech. (1872-3) pp. 105 & 254, 



pis. L, i. b, ii. a. tigs. 1-13, ii. b. tigs. 1-5, ii. c. figs. 7-12 ; id. Bull. 



Mus. C. Z. viii. (1878) p. 70 ; Ludiviy, Mitth. zool. Stat. Neap. i. 



(1879) p. 554; Stewart, Tram. Linn. Soc. i. (1880) p. 569, pi. 70. 



figs. 1-5 ; A. Ag. Chall. Rep. Ech. (1880) p. 40 ; Imdio. Zeits. f. 



iv. Zool. xxxiv. (1882) p. 85, pi. iii. figs. 8-10: Verrill, Am. J. Sci. 



xxiii. (1882) p. 133 ; A. Ag. Proc. Roy. Soc. Ed. vi. (1883) p. 697 ; 



Koehler, Ann. Mus. Marseill. i. 3. (1883) p. 113, pi. iii. fig. 17 ; 



Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. (1885) p. 611 ; Prouho, C. R. 



cii. (1886) p. 1403 ; id. Arch. Zool. exper. v. (1887) p. 217, pis. 14- 



21, 23-25. 

 Cidarites hystrix, Lamk. Anim. s. Vert. (1816) iii. p. 55 ; id. op. cit. 



(1840) iii*. p. 379; Desm. Etudes (1831) p. 320. 

 Cidarites (Phvllacanthus) hystrix, Brandt, Prodr. clescr. Anim. 



(1836) p. 68. 

 Cidaris hystrix, De Blainv. Actinol. (1832) p. 231, pi. xx. bis, fig. 5; 



Phil. Arch.f. Nat. xi. (1845) p. 353; Ag.Ann. Sci. Nat. vi. (1846) 



p. 32 ; Sars, Nyt May. x. (1859) p. ■">■', ; Loven, op. cit. p. 29, pi. xx. ; 



Heller, Zoophyt. u. Echinod. adriat. Meer. (1863) p. 69. 

 Leiocidaris hystrix, Duj. fy Hupe, Hist. nat. Echin. (1862) p. 484. 

 Ortbocidaris hystrix, A. Ag. Bull. Mus. C. Z. i. (1863) p. 17. 

 Dorocidaris hystrix, A. Ag. Rev. Echin. (1872) p. 105. 

 Dorocidaris abyssicola, id. Bull. Mus. C. Z. i. (1869) p. 253. 

 Cidaris borealis, Dilben $ Koren, CE/v. Vel.-Ak. Fbrh. 1844 (1845), 



p. 114. 

 Cidaris affinis, Phil. Arch. f. Nat. x. (1845) p. 353 ; Sars, Nyt 



Maq. x. (1859) p. 54 ; Wyv. Thomson, Phil. Trans, clxiv. (1874) 



p. 726, pi. lx. 

 Cidaris stokesi. Ay. Ann. Sci. Nat. vi. (1846) p. 32 ; Heller, Zoophyt. 



u. Echinod. adriat. Meer. (1868) p. 69 ; Perrier, Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii. 



(1870) p. 26, pi. ii. tig. 6. 

 Ehabdocidaris hystrix, De Loriol, Mem. Soc. Phys. et d'Hist. nat. 



Genive, xxviii. (1883) no. 8, p. 7. 



Primary spines are few in number, vary in colour from pale straw 

 to reddish brown, may be twice as long as the diameter of the test, 

 but are shorter above and below the ambitus, vary somewhat in 

 thickness and in the extent to which they are compressed at the 

 tip; the serration of the spines, caused by the' granules on their 

 surface, is scarcely ever pronounced. There is generally a delicate 

 pink band at the base of the spine. Round the tubercle to which 

 the spine is attached are set a number of spatulate spines, light 

 yellow to dark brown in colour, often darkest in the middle line or 

 at the tip. The ambulacral spines are less numerous and smaller 

 than the interambulacral secondaries, while those on the apical area 

 may be like either, and those on the buccal membrane are like the 

 former. 



The test is flat above, circular in outline ; ambulacra slightly 

 sinuous, not wide ; there is no groove connecting the members of 

 each pair of pores, but there is a transverse ridge along the upper 

 side of the perforate portion of each ambulacral plate. The inter- 

 ambulacral area is covered by two regular rows of tubercles and two 

 more internal and more irregular rows. There are eight or nine 



