158 ECH1X0IDEA. 



Toxopneustes lividus, Sars, Nyt Mag. x. (1859) p. 52 ; Bronn, Kl, u. 



Ordn, ii (1859) p. 333, and numerous figs. 

 Euryechinus lividus, Verr. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. x. (1866) 



p. 341. 

 Echinus vulgaris, de Bl. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxvii. (1825) p. 341 ; 



Desmoulins, Syn. Ech. (1837) p. 278 ; Gray, Cat. Brit. Bad. 



(1848) p. 4. 

 Echinus purpureus, Bisso,Eur. Merid. v. (1846) p. 277. 

 Toxopneustes concavus, Ay. $■ Des. Ann. Sci. Nat. vi. (1846) 



p. 367. 

 Toxopneustes complanatus, Aq. 8f Des. ibid. 

 Strongvlocentrotus lividus, A. Ay. Bev. Ech. (1872) p. 164, & (1873) 



p. 446; Gaidhier, Compt. Bend, lxxix. (1874) p. 402; Koehler, 



Ann. Mus. Marseille, i. 3. (1883) p. 123 ; Cams, Prod. Faun. Med. 



(1884) p. 99; Korschelt, Zool. Jahrb. iii. (anat.) (1889) p. 653 



(development) ; Barrois,Bev. Biol. i. (1888) p. 75. 



Distribution. Atlantic, from British Channel to Canaries; Brazil; 

 Mediterranean. 0-2 t'ms. 



a. Ilfracombe. 

 b-f. Ireland. Earl of Enniskillen. 



g-j. Ireland. 



k. Cork. J. Humphrey, Esq. 



/. Guernsey. R. L. Spencer, Esq. 



7n. Jersey. 



3. SPKERECHINUS. 



Echinus (pars), Lamk. An, s. Vert. iii. (1816) p. 38. 

 Toxopneustes (pars), Ay. 8f Des. Ann. Sci. Nat, vi. (1846) p. 367. 

 Sphrereehinus, Desor, Syn, Ech. foss. (1858) p. 134 ; A. Aq. Bev. Ech. 



(1872) pp. 159 & 451 ; Bell, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 430; Cams', Prod. Emm. 



Med. (1884) p. 100; Duncan, J. Linn. Soc. xxiii. (1889) p. 122. 



Closely allied to Strongyhcentrotus, but distinguished by deeper 

 gill-slits, several sets of ossicles on buccal membrane, and widely 

 diverging free ends of radius in Lantern of Aristotle. 



1. Sphaerechinus gra.nularis. (Plate XV. figs. 2 & 3.) 



Echinus granulans, Lamk. An. s. Vert. iii. (1816) p. 44. 



Echinus (Toxopneustes) granulans, At/, fy Des. Ann. Sci. Nat. vi. 



(1846) p. 367. 

 Sphaerechinus granulans, A. Ay. Bull. M. C. Z. i. (1863) p. 23 ; 



Liitk. Vid. Medd. 1863 (1864), p. 143; Fischer, Actes Soc. Linn. 



Bordeaux; xxvii. (1869) p. 368 ; A. Ay. Bev. Ech. (1872) p. 159, & 



(1873) p. 452 ; Ludiciy, Mitth, zool, Stat. Neap. i. (1879) p. 557 ; 



Koehler, Ann. Mus. Marseille, i. 3. (1883) p. 125; Cams, Prod. 



Faun, Mediter. (1884) p. 100; Barrois, Bev. Biol, i. (1889) 



p. 109. 

 Echinus brevispinosus, Bisso, Eur. Merid. v. (1826) p. 277. 

 Echinus (Toxopneustes) brevispinosus. Aq. fy Des. Ann. Sci. Nat. vi. 



(1846) p. 367 ; Sars, Nyt May. x. (1859) p. 56. 

 Toxopneustes brevispinosus, Bronn, Kl. u. Ordn. ii. (18G0) p. 337; 



Dohrn, Zeifs.f. wins. Zool, xxxv. (1875) p. 471 [mode of feeding]. 



