srATANGUS. 165 



**?. raschi comes from deeper water, and has the labrum more pointed 

 and convex. 



1. Spatangns purpureus. (Plate XYI. fig. 10.) 



Spatagus purpureus, O. F. Mull. Prod. Zool. Dan. (1776) p. 236; 



id. Zool. Dan. (1788) i. p. 5, pi. vi. 

 Spatangus purpureus, Leske, Addit. (1778) p. 171, pi. xliii. figs. 8—5, & 



pi. xlv. fig. 5 ; Lamk. An. s. Vert. iii. (1816) p. 29 ; Gray, Ann. Phil. 



xxvi. (1825) p. 430 ; Flem. Mem. Wern. Soc. v. (1825) p. 288 ; id. 



Brit. An. (1828) p. 480 ; Desml. Syn. Ech. (1837) p. 388 ; Edwards 



in Cuv. Beyne An. (n. d.) xx. pi. 11 bis (anatomy), & pi. 17 ; 



Forbes, Brit. Starf. (1841) p. 182 ; Diib. fy Kor. Vet.-Akad. Hdly. 



1844 (1846), p. 285 ; Phil. Arch.f. Nat. 1845, p. 350; Martins, Ann. 



ISci. Nat. v. (1846) p. 157 (temperature) ; Ay. § Des. Ann. Sci. Nat. 



viii. (1847) p. 6; Gray, Brit. Bad. (1848) p. 6; Maitland, Faun. 



Iiely. (1851) p. 91 ; Gray, Cat. Ech. (1855) p. 47 ; Thompson, Nat. 



Hist. Irel. iv. (1856) p. 441 ; Bronn, Klass. u. Ordn. ii. (1860) 



pi. xl. figs. 21-23 (larva?) ; Sars, Nory. Ech. (1861) p. 99 ; Pen: 



Ann. Sci. Nat. xiii. (1870) p. 73 ; Al. Ay. Bev. Ech. (1872) p. 158, 



& (1873) p. 504 ; Mbbius § Biitschli, JB. Comm. Kiel, ii. & iii. 



(1875) p. 150 ; Ludwiy, Mitth. zool Stat. Neap. i. (1879) p. 560 ; 



Koehler, Ann. Mas. Marseille, i. 3. (1883) p. 127; Cams, Prod. 



Faun. Mediter. (1884) p. 102 ; Prouho, C. B. cii. (1886) p. 1498 ; 



Bell, Ann. § May. iv. (1889) p. 442. 

 Echinus lacunosus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. (1777) p. 59. 

 Echinus purpureus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1789) p. 3197 ; Penn. Brit. 



Zool. iv. (1812) p. 139. 



(1869), p. 315 ; Jeffreys, Ann. § May. v. (1870) p. 146 ; Gray, 



Ann. # May. x. (1872) p. 123. 

 Spatangns spinosissimus, Ay. $ Des. Ann. Sci. Nat. viii. (1847) p. 6 ; 



Gray, Cat. Bee. Ech. 1855, p. 47. 

 Spatangus reginse, Gray, Ami. 8f May. vii. (1851) p. 130 ; id. Cat. 



Bee. Ech. (1855) p. 47. 



Test more or less broadly heart-shaped, more or less flattened, 

 with rather tumid ambitus, broad spout-shaped lower lip. The 

 primary spines on the dorsal surface light-coloured, curved, very 

 long ; proportionately longer in younger specimens. General colour 

 purplish. 



In addition to the large, curved, prominent, backwardly directed 

 spines articulated to the primary tubercles found on the dorsal 

 surface there are a number of other spines ; the longest of these 

 are found below the ambitus ; those on the ventral plastron are of 

 varying lengths, and the longer are spoon-shaped at their free ends ; 

 two tufts of longish spines on either side of the plastron below the 

 anus ; the upper surface is densely covered with short, rather fine, 

 whitish spines ; most are curved, and all are directed backwards ; 

 some of the spines are sometimes purplish. 



The variations in the colour and character of the spines are very 

 considerable. Thus the large spines may be very prominent both 



