I 



i. 



166 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS. 



STURNIDAt (STARLINGS). 



Bill straight, slender, and without bristles at the gape ; wings with 

 ten primaries, the first rudimentary, the second longest ; tarsus 

 moderately long, scutellated in front, plated behind. 



/ Stitrnus vulgaris, STABLING, II. 37 w 



CORVIDJE (CROWS). 



Bill large and conical, or long and curved, emargination sometimes 

 well-developed, sometimes quite obsolete ; nasal fossae and nostrils 

 usually more or less concealed by narrow stiffened bristles or bristly 

 feathers ; primaries ten, wings rounded, first primary almost always 

 more than half the length of the second ; tarsus scutellated in front, 

 feet and claws strong, basal joint of middle toe united about equally 

 to lateral toes for about half the length. 



Corvus corax, Raven, IV. 1 



Corvus comix (Corvus cinerea), Hooded Crow, II. 141 "*~ 



Conns coronc, Carrion Crow, II. 101 ""* 



(,'orvttx J'ruilihrjHX, ROOK, IV. (if) — 



Corvus monedula, Jackdaw, I. 45 ~~ 

 Garrulns giandariu* (Corvus glandarius), Jay, I. 65 ' 

 T'tca rustica (Corvus picus), MagpIe, III. 121 "*" 

 I'i/rrhocorax gravidic (Corvus graculus, Fregilus graculus), Chough, 

 III. 93. 



. HIRUNDINlbAS (SWALLOWS). 



Bill short, triangular, very broad at base, narrowing rapidly to a 

 compressed notched tip, mouth opening nearly to the eyes ; primaries 

 nine, wings long, pointed ; tail generally forked, with twelve feathers ; 

 feet weak, tarsus scutellate, shorter than middle toe and claw. 



Chelidon i&bica (Hirundo urbica), MARTIN, III. 125 

 Cotile riparia (Hirundo riparia), Sand Martin, II. 97 

 Hirundo rustica (H. domestica), SWALLOW, II. 125 __ 



# PICARI^E. 



Primaries always ten,; tail-feathers commonly ten (eight to twelve) ; 

 hallux inconsiderable, weak or wanting, not always incumbent ; second 

 or fourth toe frequently versatile. 



