The Hardhack, Spircea tovientosa, L., is a pretty dwarf shrub, 2 to 3 

 feet, with short petioled, ovate, thick, toothed leaves, which are smooth above 

 but downy beneath. The pink flowers are in dense steeple-like panicles at 

 the tips of the erect branches. This shrub invades mountain pastures in the 

 Province of Quebec and is very hard to keep down. Where pastures cannot 

 be ploughed, the tufts must be pulled out by the roots and the spots sown 

 with a quick-growing grass such as Orchard Grass, or the patches may be 

 mowed down with a heavy, sharp scythe and grass sown. If there are 

 enough sheep in the pasture, they will keep down the new shoots. 



SiLVERWEED, PotejitiUa Anserina, L., is sometimes found in damp land. 

 It is a perennial with slender jointed runners, which root and form new plants 

 at each joint. The leaves, silvery hairy beneath, are pinnate, with from 3 

 to 10 large ovate, sharply-toothed leaflets on each side, with very small ones 

 between them. The long-stalked golden yellow flowers, nearly an inch 

 across, are followed by a cluster of dry, smooth achenes. Silverweed roots 

 on the surface of the land like a strawberry and is best controlled by drain- 

 ing the land and ploughing down the plants. 



The TTpright Cinquefoil, Potentilla norvegica, L., is an erect, branch- 

 ing, hairy annual with small yellow flowers and small kidney-shaped achenes 

 with curved branching grooves on the surface. It grows commonly in mea- 

 dows, and the seeds are frequent among grass and clover seeds. This is the 

 Potentilla raonspeliensis, L., of late floras. 



THE EVENINQ=PRIMROSE FAMILY, ONAGRACE/E. 



There are a few weeds belonging to this family and many showy flower- 

 ing plants, as the beautiful Fuchsias, Clarkias and Evening-primroses. The 

 structure of the flowers is botanically of much interest; but, as the plants 

 of this order which are troublesome as weeds are easily recognized, there is 

 no need to speak of them here. The more noticeable of the weedy plants 

 are, a few kinds of Willowherbs (Eijilobium) which are also known as "fire- 

 weeds." The commonest kinds occurring on cultivated land are the Great 

 Willowherb or Fireweed, Epilohium angitstifolium, L.. and the Sticky Fire- 

 weed, Epilobium adenocaulon, Haussk. These are rather persistent on wet 

 land, the former from its running perennial rootstocks and the latter chiefly 

 from the great number of downy seeds it produces. Of the Evening-prim- 

 roses, two species require mention, the White-stemmed Evening-primrose, 

 and the Common Evening-primrose, CEnotJiera biennis. L., with large yel- 

 low flowers. This tall, coarse biennial occurs throughout the country and is 

 easily recognized by its tall branching habit (4 ft. by 3 ft.), its soft, 

 downy lanceolate leaves and its large, showy yellow flowers, which open 

 in the evening. This weed makes only a rosette of leaves the first year. 

 For this reason it is a weed only in crops sown in autumn or on stubble. _ In 

 thin clover fields it sometimes occurs conspicuously and should be either 

 spudded out or cut off below the crown in the first season, or the tall flower- 

 ing plants should be cut off below the surface of the soil and pulled out be- 

 fore the seeds ripen. This will disturb the soil much less than if the large, 

 wide, spreading roots are pulled out. On stubble land to be sown to grain, 

 the rosette-like plants should be destroyed by fall or spring cultivation. 



The seeds [Plate 53, fig. .17, natural size and enlarged 8 times] are a 

 frequent impurity in clover seed. They are produced in large numbers in 

 long tapering 4-celled capsules which are clustered all alone the stems. 

 The dark reddish brown seeds arc about tV of an inch in length, much 

 angled by compression in the seed pods and with a roughened surface. As 

 the pods'do not easily shed their seeds and the plants are at all times con- 

 spicuous, much contamination of clover seed may be prevented with a little 

 caro at harvest time. 



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