FEEDING DAIRY CATTLE 183 



hays are grown, the demand for concentrates con- 

 taining protein will be much lessened, and conse- 

 quently the expense bills for grain will be much 

 smaller than otherwise they would be. But even 

 with an abundance of the legumes and silage some 

 grain will be called for, and particularly in the case 

 of heavy-yielding cows. Cows with 30 to 50 pounds 

 of milk to their daily credit will not usually be able 

 to manufacture these quantities from farm rough- 

 ages, even though legumes and silage are included. 

 The bulk is too considerable and the stomach capac- 

 ity of the cow is unequal to the demand. 



This difficulty is met by the use of concentrates 

 which contain only small amounts of fiber and other 

 indigestible substances. Some practical dairymen 

 introduce the grain concentrates freely into the ra- 

 tions, basing the quantity on the amount of milk 

 produced. To cows yielding 20 or more pounds of 

 milk a day one pound of grain is added to the daily 

 ration for each three pounds of milk or for each 

 pound of butter fat produced a week. If much 

 legume roughage is fed, these amounts may be les- 

 sened to one pound of grain to every four or five 

 pounds of milk or butter fat. Cows that give milk 

 low in butter fat will need less grain in proportion 

 to the milk yield, and those high in butter fat will 

 need more. It is a delicate problem, each cow re- 

 quiring individual attention. 



Protein Requirements. Some authorities are of 

 the opinion that the Wolff standards for dairy cows 

 in milk call for more protein than is necessary. In 

 the Kellner standards from a quarter to a half pound 



