TECHNICAL INDEX AND GLOSSARY 



of creative imagination. See "From Cart to Automobile," Vol. 

 VII, p. 152. 



Biograph. An apparatus for producing "moving pictures," 

 familiar under various names. The germ of the instrument was 

 invented as long ago as 1833, but the developed apparatus came 

 into being late in the nineteenth century. For the story of its 

 development, see "Chrono-photography," Vol. VIII, p. 248. 



Biology. A generic name for the sciences that deal with 

 living things, including botany, zoology, physiology, in their 

 various departments, and in the widest interpretation, medicine, 

 anthropology, and ethnology. The word biology was introduced 

 independently by Lamarck and Trevirans early in the nineteenth 

 century, but did not come at once into general use. See "Schlei- 

 den and Schwann and the Cell Theory," Vol. IV, p. 118. For the 

 work of Lamarck, Goethe, Darwin, and others, see "Theories of 

 Organic Evolution," Vol. IV, p. 140. 



Blast Furnace. A furnace for smelting ores, so called because 

 of the blast of air forced through the furnace to promote com- 

 bustion by bringing oxygen in contact with the fuel; or through 

 the molten metal itself, as in the manufacture of steel. See 

 "The Conversion of Iron Ore into Iron and Steel," Vol. VI, 

 p. 283. 



Blood Corpuscles. Microscopic cells that float in the blood 

 and perform functions absolutely essential to the life of the 

 organism. The red blood corpuscles are the carriers of oxygen; 

 the white corpuscles, of several types, are scavengers, attacking 

 and consuming noxious bacteria. For a description of the dis- 

 covery of the course of circulation of the blood, and the final 

 demonstration of the corpuscles passing through the capillaries, see 

 "The Coming of Harvey," Vol. II, p. 169. For an explanation of 

 the function of blood corpuscles, see "Blood Corpuscles, Muscles, 

 and Glands," Vol. IV, p. 135. 



Brain. In general terms, that part of the cerebrospinal axis 

 which is contained in the cranium. For functions of, see "The 

 New Science of Experimental Psychology," Vol. IV, p. 245. 



Bronze. A compound of metals, having copper for its base, 

 the other ingredient being usually tin. The proportion of copper 

 in various bronzes is usually between 80 and 90 per cent. Copper 

 melts at a temperature a little below that of gold, and the ease 

 with which it is smelted led (as is believed) to its use long before 

 the art of smelting iron had been acquired. 



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